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Interval Estimation
x Margin of Error
Sampling
distribution
of x
/2
1 - of all
x values
z /2 x
/2
x
z /2 x
/2
interval
does not
include
1 - of all
x values
z /2 x
x
z /2 x
x -------------------------]
interval
includes
x -------------------------]
[------------------------- x -------------------------]
[------------------------[-------------------------
/2
Interval Estimate of
x z /2
where: x
is the sample mean
1 - is the confidence coefficient
z/2 is the z value providing an area of
/2 in the upper tail of the standard
normal probability distribution
is the population standard deviation
n is the sample size
.10
.05
.01
/2
.05
.025
.005
Table
Look-up Area
.9500
.9750
.9950
Meaning of Confidence
Because
Because 90%
90% of
of all
all the
the intervals
intervals constructed
constructed using
using
x 1.645 x will
will contain
contain the
the population
population mean,
mean,
we
we say
say we
we are
are 90%
90% confident
confident that
that the
the interval
interval
x 1.645 x includes
includes the
the population
population mean
mean ..
We
We say
say that
that this
this interval
interval has
has been
been established
established at
at the
the
90%
90% confidence
confidence level.
level.
The
The value
value .90
.90 is
is referred
referred to
to as
as the
the confidence
confidence
coefficient.
coefficient.
z / 2
4,500
1.96
1,470
n
36
If
If the
the population
population is
is believed
believed to
to be
be at
at least
least
approximately
approximately normal,
normal, aa sample
sample size
size of
of less
less than
than 15
15
can
can be
be used.
used.