Computer

Computer can be defined as a high speed electronic

data processsing machine that accepts and store input
data, process it by doing some kind of manipulation
and produces the desired result under the direction of
a detail step by step stored set of instructions.

Classification of computers
based on the SIZE and COMPUTING CAPACITY
Micro Computers
Mini Computers
Mainframe Computers
Super Computers

Different types of Data

that can be processed by a computer
Numeric data
Character data
Graphics data
Sound data
Programs/Softwares
A group of instructions to be executed by the computer
An instruction commands the computer to perform a
task
2 Types of softwares
1. Application Software
2. System Software

Application Software
A group of programs designed specially to perform special
function
Eg:
Media Player
Inventory control
Accounting Packages
System Software
A group of programs required to operate and control the
activities of a computer
Provides an environment for developing application
programs
Eg :Operating System
Compiler,Interpreter

Hardware
The electronics circuits used in building the
computer that executes the software

Stored Program
John von Neumanns idea:

Store programs, together with data, in the

of the computer

memory

A stored

Program can be executed at any time.

This causes the following things to happen

1.

A set of information called the Input Data ,will be

entered into the computer

2.

The Input Data will be processed to produce

certain desired results(Output Data)

3.

The Output Data and perhaps some of the Input

Data will be displayed on a monitor or printed
onto a sheet of paper

Calculate the area of a Circle, given radius r

1.
2.

3.
4.

Read the numeric value for the radius r

Calculate the value of the area using the formula r2
This value will be stored ,along with the input data in
the computers memory
Display the value of Radius and Area
stop

Programming Language
A programming Language is a set of written symbols
that instruct computer hardware to perform specific
operations.
All computer languages are controlled by a set of rules
called syntax( eg: grammer rules in English)

Types of Programming Languages

1. Machine Language (Low level Language)
2. Assembly Language
3. High Level Language
Machine Language
. Instructions are represented as binary code
. Difficult to program in Machine Language due to
1. Machine Language is very difficult to work with
2. Different type of computers have its own unique
instruction set
. A program written in one type of computer cant run
on another computer without significant alterations.

Assembly Language
Instructions are represented as Symbolic codes or
mnemonics
Eg: ADD,SUB,MUL ,etc
High Level Language
Programs are written using English words and
Mathematical notations

Translators
System Software which converts the instructions
written in one language to a suitable form that can be
executed by the computer
Eg: Assembler, Compiler ,Interpreter
Assembler
Assembly
Language
Program

Assembl
er

Machine
Code/Obje
ct Code

Compiler/Interpreter
High Level
Language
Program

Compiler
/
Interpret
er

Machine
Code/Obje
ct Code

Compiled Programs generally run faster than Interpreted

Programs
Difference between Compiler and Interpreter
Compiler
Translate the whole Source Program into Machine Code
then that code is executed by the computer
Interpreter
Translation and Execution are carried out statement by
statement

Logic Representation
The logic developed for getting Output from the Input
data can be documented in two ways, They are:
Algorithm Method

Flow Chart Method

Algorithm
Is a finite set of instructions for accomplishing a
particular task
The logic of the problem must be clearly expressed in
algorithm
A program is an expression of an Algorithm
Thus the success of a program depends upon the
algorithm

Algorithm to find the sum of two numbers

Step 1 :Start
Step 2 : Input two numbers a and b
Step 3 : sum=a+b
Step 4 : Display the value of sum
Step 5 : Stop

Algorithm to find the area of a rectangle

Step 1 :Start
Step 2 : Input length l and breadth b
Step 3 : area=l*b
Step 4 : Display the value of area
Step 5 : Stop

Algorithm to find the area of a triangle, given 3 sides

Step 1 :Start
Step 2 : Input 3 sides a, b and c
Step 3 : S=(a+b+c)/2
Step 4 : area=(S*(S-a)*(S-b)*(S-c))
Step 5 : Display the value of area
Step 6 :Stop

A bus covers a distance of 20 km /liter of diesel. The cost

of diesel is Rs 50.00 per liter. Write an Algorithm to
calculate the cost of diesel to travel 90km
Algorithm
Step 1 :Start
Step 2 : diesel_cost=50,millage=20,distance=90
Step 3 : total_diesel_cost=distance/millage*diesel_cost
Step 5 : Display the value of total_diesel_cost
Step 6 :Stop

Algorithm to find the area of a circle

2. Algorithm to convert temparature in centigrade to
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit=(9/5)*centigrade+32
3. Algorithm for Solving the expression a2+b2-2ab
4. Algorithm to find the sum of a number ,its square and
its cube
5. Algorithm to calculate salesmans salary
Gross salary=basic+(quantity*bonusrate)+
(quantity*price)*commision
Basic=10,000
Commision=2%
Bonusrate=200
1.

6.
7.

Write an algorithm to find the largest of two numbers

Write an algorithm to find the largest of three numbers

Algorithm to find the largest of two numbers

Step 1 :Start
Step 2 : Input two numbers a and b
Step 3 : if a>b then step 4 otherwise step 5
Step 4 : Display largest as a ,go to step 6
Step 5 : Display largest as b
Step 6: stop

Algorithm to find the largest of three numbers

Step 1 :Start
Step 2 : Input three numbers a , b and c
Step 3 : if a>b then step 4 otherwise step 6
Step 4 : if a>c then step 5 otherwise step 6
Step 5 :Display largest as a, goto step 8
Step 6: if b>c then step 7 otherwise step 8
Step 7 :Display largest as b, goto step 8
Step 8: Display largest as c
Step 8: stop

Flowchart
A flowchart

is a pictorial representation of step by step

solution of a problem
Symbol
Purpose
Start/stop

Input/Output
Processing

Decision Box

Symbol

Flowchart
Purpose
Connector

Flow of control

Flowchart
Flow Chart to find the sum of two numbers
Start
Input a,
and b
sum=a+b
Display
sum
Stop

Flowchart
Flow Chart to find the area of a rectangle
Start
Input l,
and b
area=l*b
Display
area
Stop

Flowchart
Flow Chart to find the area of a triangle ,given 3 side
Start
Input sides
a,b and c
s=(a+b+c)/2
area=(s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c))
Display area
Stop

Flowchart
Flow Chart to find the area of a triangle ,given 3 sides
Using connector
Start
Input sides
a,b and c
s=(a+b+c)/2

area=(s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c))

Display area
Stop

Flowchart
Flow Chart to find the largest of two numbers
Start
Input a,
and b

Yes

If
a>b

Display
a

No
Display
b

Stop

Steps in Computer Programming

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Understand the problem thoroughly

Analyze the problem and find out what are the Input Data
& Output Data
Develop logic to work out the result
Draw flowchart and write algorithm steps to formulate the
logic
Translate the logic into program steps(Coding)
Store the program
Test and Debug(Locate and Remove Errors)
Run the Program and get the Result
If expected result is not getting , modify the logic , And
Repeat Steps from Step 4 to Step 8

Features of a good program

Integrity

refers to the accuracy of the calculations

Clarity- refers to overall readability of the program
If the program is clearly written ,it should be
possible for another programmer to follow the
program logic Without any effort
Simplicity- the program should be simple as possible to
enhance clarity and accuracy
Efficiency concerned with execution speed and memory
utilization
Modularity- it is good programming practice to implement
each of the subtask as separate program module
Generality a program should be as general as possible

Number System & Description

Decimal Number System
Base 10. Digits used: 0 to 9
Eg:12,10,99,900,
Binary Number System
Base 2. Digits used: 0, 1
Eg:11,10,1000,1111,
Octal Number System
Base 8. Digits used: 0 to 7
Eg:12,10,777,600,
Hexa Decimal Number System
Base 16. Digits used: 0 to 9, Letters used: A- F
Eg:FF,A,99F,12CF,

Number System & Description

Decimal Number System
Base 10. Digits used: 0 to 9
Eg:12,10,99,900,

1234 can be written as

(1x1000)+ (2x100)+ (3x10)+ (4xl)
(1x103)+ (2x102)+ (3x101)+ (4xl00)
1000 + 200 + 30 + 1
1234

Number System & Description

Binary Number System
Base 2. Digits used: 0, 1
Eg:11,10,1000,1111,
Each position in a binary number represents a 0 power of the
base (2). Example 20
Binary Number: 101012
Calculating Decimal Equivalent:
((1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20))
=21 10

Number System & Description

Octal Number System
Base 8. Digits used: 0 to 7
Eg:12,10,777,600,
Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
Also called base 8 number system
Each position in a octal number represents a 0 power of the
base (8). Example 80
Octal Number: 125708
Calculating Decimal Equivalent:
((1 x 84) + (2 x 83) + (5 x 82) + (7 x 81) + (0 x 80))=549610

Number System & Description

Hexa Decimal Number System
Base 16. Digits used: 0 to 9, Letters used: A- F

Uses 10 digits and 6 letters,

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.
Letters represents numbers starting from 10.
A = 10. B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15.
Also called base 16 number system
Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a 0
power of the base (16). Example 160

Number System & Description

Hexadecimal Number: 19FDE16
Calculating Decimal Equivalent:
((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + (F x 162) + (D x 161) + (E x 160))=
10646210