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Work
Power
Learning Outcome:
1 2
K mv
2
U mgh
1 2
U kx
2
Energy
is defined as the systems ability to do
work.
The S.I. unit for energy is same to the
unit of work
(joule, J).
is a scalar quantity.
Table 5.1 summarises some common
types of
Forms of
Energy
Description
Chemical
Heat
Electrical
Internal
Forms of
Energy
Nuclear
Mass
Description
Energy released by the splitting of heavy nuclei.
Energy released when there is a loss of small amount
of mass in a nuclear process. The amount of energy
can be calculated from Einsteins mass-energy
equation, E = mc2
Mechanical
a. Kinetic
Energy associated with the motion of a body.
b. Gravitational Energy associated with the position of a body in a
potential
gravitational field.
c. Elastic
Energy stored in a compressed or stretched spring.
potential
Table 4.1
Kinetic energy, K
is defined as the energy of a body due to its motion.
Equation :
where
1 2
K mv
2
K : kinetic energy of a body
m : mass of a body
v : speed of a body
Fnett
Figure 5.8
F F
nett
ma
v2 u 2
a
2s
(1)
v 2 u 2 2as
(2)
Fnett
v2 u 2
m
2s
1 2 1
2
Fnett s mv mu K f K i
2
2
Therefore
Wnett K
Example 4.5 :
A stationary object of mass 3.0 kg is pulled
upwards by a constant force of magnitude 50 N.
Determine the speed of the object when it is
travelled upwards through 4.0 m.
2 3.0 kg ; F 50 N; s 4.0 m; u 0
(Given g = 9.81 m sm
)
Solution :
s F
mg
mg
Example 4.6 :
A block of mass 2.00 kg slides 0.750 m down an
inclined plane that slopes downward at an angle
of 36.9 below the horizontal. If the block starts
from rest, calculate its final speed. You can
ignore the friction. (Given
m m;
s u0
m 2.00gkg=; s9.81
0.750
mg sin 36.9
mg cos 36.9
36.9
mg
s
36.9
11
Example 4.7 :
F (N)
10
0
5
10
s (m)
Figure 4.9
12
Solution :
a.
m 2.0 kg; u 10 m s 1
13
Solution :
b.
14
Exercise 4.4 :
Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2
1. A bullet of mass 15 g moves horizontally at velocity of
250 m s1.It strikes a wooden block of mass 400 g placed at rest
on a floor. After striking the block, the bullet is embedded in the
block. The block then moves through 15 m and stops. Calculate
the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the floor.
Exercise 4.5 :
ANS. : 0.278
Potential Energy
is defined as the energy stored in a body or system
because of its position, shape and state.
U mgh
where
m : mass of a body
g : acceleration due to gravity
mg
h2
mg
h1
Wg mgs mg h1 h2
Wg mgh1 mgh2 U i U f
Wg U f U i U
Therefore in
W U
general,
states the change in gravitational potential
energy as the negative of the work done by the
17
gravitational force.
Figure 4.10
W U U f U i
For calculation,
use
where
18
Example 4.8 :
20.0 m
Figure 4.11
Solution :
speed, thus
F
Constant
speed
F
s
mg
OR
20
Fs x
Fs kx
k : the spring constant or force constant
thus
Fs W mg
Fs
W mg
Case 2:
The spring is attached to an object and it is
stretched and compressed by a force, F as shown in
Figure 4.13.F is negative
s
Fs
x is positive
F
The spring is in
equilibrium, hence
x
x0
Fs 0
x0
Fs F
(Equilibrium position)
x 0
Fs Fs is positive
x
Figure 4.13
x is negative
23
Caution:
For calculation, use : Fs kx F where F : applied force
The unit of k is kg s2 or N m1
Fs
1
W Fx1
2
0
Figure 4.14
x1
1
W k x1 x1
2
1 2
W k x1 U s
2
1 2 1
U s kx Fs x
2
2
W U s
OR
1 2 1 2
W U sf U si kx f kxi
2
2
Notes :
Work-energy theorem states the work done by the
nett force on a body equals the change in the
bodys total energy
Wnett E
E E
f
i
25
Example
4.9 :
A force of magnitude 800 N caused an extension of
20 cm on a spring. Determine the elastic potential
energy of the spring when
a. the extension of the spring is 30 cm.
b. a mass of 60 kg is suspended vertically from the
spring.
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)
Solution :
From the Hookes law
,a. Given x=0.300 m
26
Solution :
b. Given m=60 kg. When the spring in
equilibrium, thus
Fs
x
Therefore
W mg
27
E E
i
E K U constant
Ki U i K f U f
Example 4.10 :
A 1.5 kg sphere is dropped from a height of
30 cm onto a spring of spring constant,
k = 2000 N m1 . After the block hits the
spring, the spring experiences maximum
compression, x as shown in Figure 4.15.
a. Describe the energy conversion
occurred after the sphere is
dropped onto the spring until the
spring experiences maximum
compression, x.
b. Calculate the speed of the sphere just
before strikes the spring.
c. Determine the maximum compression, x.
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)
30 cm
After
Before
Figure 4.15
29
Solution :
a.
h 30 cm
v
h0
x
h1
h2
(1)
(3)
(2)
The spring is not stretched The spring is not stretched The sphere is at height h2
hence Us = 0. The sphere is hence Us = 0. The sphere is above the ground after
compressing the spring by x.
at height h0 above ground
at height h1 above ground
The speed of the sphere at
therefore U = mgh0 and it is with speed, v just before
this moment is zero. Hence
strikes
the
spring.
Therefore
stationary hence K = 0.
1 2
1
mgh0
E2 mgh1
mv 2
mgh2
30
kx
Solution :
m 1.5 kg; h 0.30 m; k 2000 N m 1
b. Applying the principle of conservation of energy involving the
situation (1) and (2),
31
Solution :
32
Example 4.11 :
m1
u1
m1 m2
m2
Figure 4.16
Solution :
a
.
v12 0
m1
u1
u2 0
m2
(1)
m1 m2
(2)
m1 m2
u12
h
(3)
Solution :
m1 5.00 10 3 kg; m2 1.00 kg; h 5.50 10 2
Applying the principle of conservation of linear momentum
involving the situation (1) and (2),
p1
p2
m1u1 m1 m2 u12
5.00 10 u 5.00 10
3
u1 209 m s 1
1.00 1.04
E E
1
1
1
2
2
Q m1 u1 m1 m 2 u12
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
Q 5.00 10 209 5.00 10 3 1.00 1.04
2
2
Q 109 J
35
Example 4.12 :
Smooth
pulley
Q
P
2m
Figure 4.17
Solution :
Smooth
pulley
Q
P
2m
Initial
Smooth
pulley
2m Q
Final
37
Exercise 4.6 :
Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2
1. If it takes 4.00 J of work to stretch a spring 10.0 cm from its
initial length, determine the extra work required to stretch it an
additional 10.0 cm.
ANS. : 12.0 J
Exercise 4.7 :
Exercise 4.8 :
3. A 60 kg bungee jumper jumps from a bridge. She is tied to a
bungee cord that is 12 m long when unstretched and falls a
total distance of 31 m. Calculate
a. the spring constant of the bungee cord.
b. the maximum acceleration experienced by the jumper.
ANS. : 100 N m1; 22 m s2
Exercise 4.9 :
4.
Figure 4.18
A 2.00 kg block is pushed against a light spring of the force constant, k =
400 N m-1, compressing it x =0.220 m. When the block is released, it
moves along a frictionless horizontal surface and then up a frictionless
incline plane with slope =37.0 as shown in Figure 5.18. Calculate
a. the speed of the block as it slides along the horizontal
surface after leaves the spring.
b. the distance travelled by the block up the incline plane before
it slides back down.
ANS. : 3.11 m s1; 0.81 m
39
Exercise 4.10 :
5.
u
A
10 m
Figure 4.19
A ball of mass 0.50 kg is at point A with initial speed, u =4 m s1 at a height
of 10 m as shown in Figure 4.19 (Ignore the frictional force). Determine
a. the total energy at point A,
b. the speed of the ball at point B where the height is 3 m,
c. the speed of the ball at point D,
d. the maximum height of point C so that the ball can pass over
it.
ANS. : 53.1 J; 12.4 m s1; 14.6 m s1; 10.8 m
40