THERMOCHEMISTRY

Thermochemistry
concerned with heat changes
that occur during chemical
reactions

Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry
Energy
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Enthalpy/Calorimetry
Hess Law

ENERGY

ENERGY is the capacity to do

work or transfer heat.

HEAT is the form of energy that

flows between 2 objects
because of their difference in
temperature.

Other forms of energy

light
electrical
kinetic and potential

UNITS OF ENERGY
1 kcal = 1 Calorie (a food
calorie)
But we use the unit called the
JOULE

1 cal = 4.184 joules

James Joule
1818-1889

Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry
Energy
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Enthalpy/Calorimetry
Hess Law

1st LAW of
THERMODYNAMICS
heat energy transferred

E = q + w
energy
change

work done
by the
system

Energy is conserved!

Heat capacity (C) of a substance is the amount of heat

(q) required to raise the temperature of a given quantity
(m) of the substance by 1C.
Specific heat (c) the amount of heat (q) required to raise
the temperature of one gram of the substance by 1C.
C = mc
Heat (q) absorbed or released:
q = mct
q = Ct

t = tfinal - tinitial

How much heat is given off when an 869 g

iron bar cools from 940C to 50C?
c of Fe = 0.444 J/g 0C
t = tfinal tinitial = 50C 940C = -890C
q = mct
J
= (869 g)(0.444g 0C )( 890C)

= -34,000 J

Exothermic process is any process that gives off heat

transfers thermal energy from the system to the
surroundings.
2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
H2O (g)

2H2O (l) + energy

H2O (l) + energy

Endothermic process is any process in which heat has to

be supplied to the system from the surroundings.
energy + 2HgO (s)
energy + H2O (s)

2Hg (l) + O2 (g)

H2O (l)

Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry
Energy
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Enthalpy/Calorimetry
Hess Law

Calorimetry

Calorimetry - the measurement of the

heat into or out of a system for chemical
and physical processes.
heat released = heat absorbed
Calorimeter The device used to measure
the absorption or release of heat in
chemical or physical processes

Constant Pressure
Calorimeter
A foam cup
calorimeter two
cups are nestled
together for
better insulation

ENTHALPY
Enthalpy (H) is used to quantify the
heat flow into or out of a system in a
process that occurs at constant
pressure.
H = H (products) H (reactants)
H is the heat given off or absorbed during a
reaction at constant pressure

H
f
0

H
fH
0
f

1.How much heat is released on the combustion of

CH4?
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
CH4 (g) = - 74.86 kJ/mol

O2(g) = 0 kJ/mol (Because it is an uncombined element)

CO2(g) = - 393.5 kJ/mol

H2O(g) = - 241.8 kJ/mol

Solution:

H= [-393.5 + 2(-241.8)] - [-74.86 +2 (0)]

H= - 802.24 kJ (endothermic or exothermic?)

2. If 10. 3 grams of CH4 are burned completely,

how much heat will be produced?
1 CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 802.2 kJ
Solution:
Start w/ known value

H = 10. 3 g CH4

Convert to moles

Convert moles to desired unit

1 mol CH4

802.2 kJ

16.05 g CH4

1 mol CH4

Ratio from balanced equation

H = -514 kJ heat is released

Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry
Energy
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Enthalpy/Calorimetry
Hess Law

HESS LAW (developed in 1840)

When reactants are converted
to products, the change in
enthalpy is the same whether
the reaction takes place in one
step or in a series of steps.

Germain Henri Hess

(1802-1850)

If you add two or more

thermochemical equations to give a
final equation, then you can also add
the heats of reaction to give the
final heat of reaction.
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Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CS2 given

that:
C(graphite) + O2 (g)
CO2 (g)
H0rxn = -393.5 kJ
S(rhombic) + O2 (g)
CS2(l) + 3O2 (g)

SO2 (g)

H0rxn= -296.1 kJ

CO2 (g) + 2SO2 (g) H0rxn= -1072 kJ

The enthalpy of formation reaction for CS2

C(graphite) + 2S(rhombic)
CS2 (l)
Add the given rxns so that the result is the desired rxn.
C(graphite) + O2 (g)
2S(rhombic) + 2O2 (g)

CO2 (g) H0rxn = -393.5 kJ

0
2SO2 (g) Hrxn
= -296.1x2 kJ

CS2 (l) + 3O2 (g)

+ CO2(g) + 2SO2 (g)
C(graphite) + 2S(rhombic)
CS2 (l)

H0rxn = +1072 kJ

H0rxn = -393.5 + (2x-296.1) + 1072 = 86.3 kJ

End

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