JIRIM DAN BAHAN

Che Ahamad Daud

Guru Cemerlang Sains
SM Vokasional Kulim

Changes in states of matter

Structure of an atom
Periodic table
Substance
Element
Purification of substance

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles

The particles are always moving in random motion

The moving energy is called the kinetic

energy of particles
The kinetic energy of particles depends on the temperature
of the matter and increases when the temperature increases

The Importance of
Kinetic Theory of Matter
It explains the movements of particles in the
3 states which are :
Solids States
Liquids States
Gaseous States

It explains the basic structure of matter

2.1: Perubahan Keadaan Jirim

JIRIM

Sebarang benda yangmempunyai

jisim dan menempati ruang

wujud dlm keadaan

Pepejal Cecair Gas

2.1: Perubahan Keadaan Jirim

TEORI KINETIK JIRIM
1 Jirim terdiri drp zarah kecil & diskrit
2 Zarah dlm jirim sentiasa bergerak
@ bergetar secara rawak
3. Tenaga kinetik dlm zarah
bergantung kpd suhu jirim

2.1: Perubahan Keadaan Jirim

Sifat

Pepejal

Cecair

Gas

Bentuk

Tetap

Ikut bekas

Ikut bekas

Isipadu

Tetap

Tetap

Isipadu ikut bekas

Susunan zarah

Rapat dan teratur

Kurang padat

Berjauhan

Pergerakan zarah

Bergetar

Bergerak bebas

Bergerak secara
rawak

Daya tarikan antara

zarah

Sangat kuat

Sederhana

Lemah

Kandungan tenaga
kinetik

Rendah

Sederhana

Tinggi

Ketumpatan

Tinggi

Sederhana

Rendah

Kebolehmampatan

Sukar dimampatkan

Sukar dimampatkan

Mudah dimampatkan

Changes in the Kinetic Energy of particles in

Matter with Heat Change

HEAT and TEMPERATURE changed, KINETIC ENERGY and

SPEED of particles in matter also changed

HEAT

Heat increased ( ), kinetic energy of particles in matter

increased ( ). The particles move and vibrate at a fast speed (
).

Heat decreased ( ), kinetic energy of the particles in matter

decreased ( ). The particles move and vibrate at a slower
speed ( ).

2.1: Perubahan Keadaan Jirim

2.1: Perubahan Keadaan Jirim

2.1: Perubahan Keadaan Jirim

TUGASAN 1
LUKIS GAMBARAJAH
PERUBAHAN KEADAAN JIRIM
YANG TELAH DITUNJUKKAN
SEBENTAR TADI

 Heat can cause matter to

change from one state to
another.

Changes in the states of

matter are reversible
processes

EA
T

T
EA

As the state of matter

changes, there is a transfer of
energy,
whether heat is either
absorbed or released

+H
g
n
ili n
tio
Bo
sa
en
nd
AT
Co - HE

The energy will determine the

movement of particles in the
matter.

EA
M
T
el
tin
g
Fr
ee
zin
-H
g

The kinetic energy of particles

depends on the HEAT and
TEMPERATURE of the matter.

- HEAT

Solidification
Sublimation
+ HEAT

The states of Matter at Room Temperature

Matter exists in a solid state
when both its boiling point and
melting points are higher than
the room temperature

BP&MP > RT = SOLID STATE

Matter exists in a liquid state

when its boiling point is higher
than the room temperature while
its melting point is lower than
the room temperature

MP < RT < BP = LIQUID STATE

Matter exists in a gaseous state

when both its boiling point and
melting points are lower than
the room temperature

BP&MP < RT = GAS STATE

STRUCTURES OF AN ATOM
ATOMIC MODELS
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Electron
Nuetron
Nucleon Number
Proton Number
Isotope

Proton
Proton Number
Isotope

2. APA ADA DALAM ATOM?

Ramai saintis telah mengkaji dengan
mendalam tentang atom. Antara saintis yang
terawal mengkajinya ialah John Dalton. Beliau
telah mengemukakan satu teori bahawa atom
ialah satu sfera keras.
Setelah menjalankan penyiasatan, saintissaintis lain telah mengubah teori ini
sehinggalah pada masa sekarang, model atom
moden telah diperkenalkan.

2. APA ADA DALAM ATOM?

Model atom moden menyatakan
bahawa terdapat 3 jenis zarah subatom

a. proton - terdapat dalam nukleus

atom dan bercas +
b. neutron - terdapat dalam nukleus
atom dan TIADA cas.
c. elektron - berputar-putar di
sekeliling nukleus dan bercas -

nucleus

orbit

KEY
proton
nucleus

electron

SUBATOMIC
PARTICLES

PROTONS

NEUTRONS

ELECTRONS

SYMBOL

POSITION

nucleus

nucleus

Shell

CHARGE

+ve

neutral

-ve

RELATIVE MASS

1/1836

PROPERTIES

2. APA ADA DALAM ATOM?

a. proton - terdapat
dalam nukleus
atom dan bercas +
b. neutron - terdapat
dalam nukleus
atom dan TIADA
cas.
c. elektron - berputarputar di sekeliling
nukleus dan
bercas -

2. APA ADA DALAM ATOM?

Konsep nombor proton dan nombor nukleon
juga telah diperkenalkan.
Nombor Proton = bilangan proton dalam
unsur.
Nombor Nukleon = proton + neutron.
Jika suatu unsur mengandungi 3 proton, 3
elektron dan 4 neutron, nombor proton
unsur itu ialah 3 dan nombor nukleonnya
ialah 7. Unsur sama yang mempunyai
nombor nukleon yang berbeza disebut
sebagai isotop.

 The atom consists of a dense central

NUCLEUS surrounded by subatomic particles
known as ELECTRONS
The ELECTRONS have a negative electrical
charge (-1)
They circle the nucleus in paths called
ORBITS which is similar to the moon orbiting
round the Earth.
These orbits are located in layers around the
nucleus called SHELLS
Electrons orbiting the inner shells have lower
energy content than electrons orbiting the
outer shells.

PROTON NUMBER = number of protons

= number of electrons of a
neutral atom

NUCLEON NUMBER = number of protons

+
number of neutrons

NUETRON NUMBER = number of nucleons

number of protons

PROTON NUMBER = ELECTRON NUMBER

(in neutral atom)

Nucleon Number
Always the bigger number
The total number of
protons and neutron

Li
3

Proton Number
Always the smaller number
Equal to the number of electrons

Symbol for Lithium

2. APA ADA DALAM ATOM?

Model Atom

ELEMENTS

PROTON
NUMBER

NUCLEON
NUMBER

NUMBER OF
PROTONS

NUMBER OF
ELECTRONS

NUMBER OF
NEUTRONS

Hydrogen H

Helium

He

Lithium

Li

Beryllium Be

Boron

11

Carbon

12

Nitrogen

14

Oxygen

16

Fluorine

19

10

Neon

Ne

10

20

10

10

10

 Isotop
Atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai
bilangan proton yang sama tetapi
bilangan neutron yang berbeza
Sifat kimia sama
Sifat fizik berbeza
Contoh C-12,C-13,C-14

O-16,0-17,0-18

Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the
same element which
contain the same number
of protons but different
number of neutrons
Each isotopes is named by
inserting the nucleon
number after the name of
element

 Isotopes of the same

elements have the
same chemical
properties

Isotopes of the same

elements have
different physical
properties

Example: carbon-12
and carbon-13 burn in
oxygen to form carbon
dioxide

Example: hydrogen-2
and hydrogen-1 have
different boiling points

Radioactive isotopes are isotopes of the

elements which are not stable and can be easily
broken down into structures which are more
stable
Example: uranium-235 and uranium-238

1
HYDROGEN -1
A hydrogen atom with
1 proton and 0 neutron
+

HYDROGEN -3
A hydrogen atom with
1 proton and 2 neutron

1
HYDROGEN -2
A hydrogen atom with
1 proton and 1 neutron
-

electron

proton
neutron

ELEMENTS

CARBON

BROMINE
OXYGEN

URANIUM

ISOTOPES

NUMBER OF
PROTONS

NUMBER OF
NUETRONS

PROTON
NUMBER

NUCLEON
NUMBER

carbon-12

12

carbon-13

13

carbon-14

14

bromine-79

35

44

35

79

bromine-81

35

46

35

81

oxygen-16

16

oxygen-17

17

oxygen-18

10

18

uranium-235

92

143

92

235

uranium-238

92

146

92

238

3. UNSUR-UNSUR DISUSUN DALAM

JADUAL BERKALA
Dalam dunia kita terdapat banyak unsur-unsur
yang mempunyai sifat-sifat yang berbeza.
Supaya tidak mengelirukan, para saintis telah
bersetuju untuk menulis semua unsur-unsur ini
dalam satu jadual secara sistematik. Jadual ini
dinamakan "Jadual Berkala" [Periodic Table].
Jadual berkala amat penting kepada saintis
kerana mereka boleh meramalkan sifat-sifat
logam yang belum diketahui dengan hanya
melihat kedudukannya dalam jadual tersebut.

3. UNSUR-UNSUR DISUSUN DALAM

2. APAJADUAL
ADA DALAM
ATOM?
BERKALA
Dalam jadual berkala :
a. unsur disusun menaik

mengikut no.

proton.
b. Kumpulan ialah turus menegak
c. Kala ialah baris melintang

3. UNSUR-UNSUR DISUSUN DALAM

2. APAJADUAL
ADA DALAM
ATOM?
BERKALA

Kumpulan I dan II terdiri dari logam reaktif.

Kumpulan VII ialah gas-gas adi.

3. UNSUR-UNSUR DISUSUN DALAM

2. APAJADUAL
ADA DALAM
ATOM?
BERKALA

PENGELASAN UNSUR DALAM JADUAL BERKALA

Unsur disusun mengikut pertambahan nombor

proton
Baris menegak disebut kumpulan
Baris mendatar disebut kala
Ada 7 kala dan 8 kumpulan
Nama Kumpulan :
NOTA
Kumpulan 1 :
Kumpulan II :
Kumpulan VII :
Kumpulan VIII:

Logam alkali
Logam alkali bumi
Halogen
Gas adi

Unsur dalam kumpulan yang sama : sifat kimia sama

Sifat unsur dari kiri ke kanan jadual:

Berubahan dari logam

separuh logam

bukan logam

4. BAHAN Atom,Molekul,Ion
Unsur-unsur didunia pula tidak
semestinya wujud secara tulen.
Unsur-unsur ini mungkin bergabung
antara satu sama lain membentuk
"bahan".

PROPERTIES OF
SUBSTANCES

ATOM
MOLECULE
ION

Terdapat 3 jenis bahan :

BAHAN

KANDUNGAN
Terdiri dari satu
sejenis unsur sahaja.

CONTOH BAHAN
logam besi, logam
kuprum

MOLEKUL

terdiri dari sejenis

unsur yang bergabung
atau gabungan unsur
berlainan jenis.

air, sulfur

ION

terdiri dari gabungan

unsur-unsur yang
mempunyai cas + dan
cas -.

garam-garam

ATOM

 Ketiga-tiga bahan ini mempunyai sifat

fizikal yang berbeza disebabkan
tarikan antara zarah-zarah di
dalamnya.

ATOM

MOLEKUL

ION

Daya tarikan antara

zarah-zarahnya
adalah kuat. Daya
tarikan ini disebut
"ikatan logam"

Daya tarikan antara

zarah-zarahnya
adalah lemah. Daya
ikatan ini disebut
"ikatan kovalen"

Daya tarikan antara

zarah-zarah adalah
sangat kuat. Daya
tarikan ini disebut
"ikatan ionik"

takat lebur tinggi

takat lebur rendah

takat lebur tinggi

Selalunya dalam
keadaan pepejal
pada suhu bilik
Boleh mengalirkan
arus elektrik

Boleh berada dalam

Selalunya dalam
bentuk pepejal, cecair
keadaan pepejal pada
atau gas dalam suhu
suhu bilik
bilik
Tidak boleh mengalir
arus elektrik

Hanya mengalirkan
arus dalam keadaan
leburan sahaja

PROPERTIES

SUBSTANCES
MADE OF
ATOMS

SUBSTANCES MADE OF
MOLECULES

SUBSTANCES
MADE OF
IONS

FORM

Solid

Solid, liquid, gases

Solid (crystalline)

EXAMPLES

Aluminium, zinc,
copper, iron (all
metals)

Chlorine, water,
naphthalene

Sodium chloride,
copper sulphate

hydrogen atoms

zinc atoms

chlorine atoms

oxygen atoms

+
+
+
-

+
+
+

+
+
+
-

sodium ion

+
+
+

+
+
+
-

+
+
+

chloride ion

PROPERTIES

SUBSTANCES
MADE OF
ATOMS

SUBSTANCES
MADE OF
MOLECULES

SUBSTANCES MADE
OF
IONS

TYPE OF PARTICLES

Consist of atom

Consist of
molecules

Consist of positive and

negative ions

ARRANGEMENT OF
PARTICLES

Very close

Solid : Very close

Liquid : Close
Gas : Far apart

Very close

CONDITION AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE

Solid except
mercury (liquid)

Solid, liquid or gas

Solid

FORCE OF
ATTRACTION
BETWEEN PARTICLES

Very strong,
through metallic
bonding

Weak, through van

der Waals force

Strong, through ionic

bonding

BOILING POINT AND

MELTING POINT

High

Low

High

ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY

Conduct electricity Cannot conduct

under soil and
electricity
molten conditions

Cannot conduct
electricity under solid
condition except under
aqueous molten
condition

Relationship between the

Properties of Substances and the
Arrangement of Particles
SUBSTANCES MADE OF ATOMS

Most metals are substances made of atoms. The atoms are held in
place by strong forces of attraction called metallic bonds

The atoms are closely packed and arranged in an order way. The
atoms are unable to move and can only vibrate at their fixed
positions

The metallic bonds between the atoms of metals need a lot of

energy to be overcome. This explains why metals have high melting
and boiling points.

Metals ca conduct electricity in the solid molten states

PHYSICAL
CONDITION AT
ROOM
TEMPERATURE

BOILING
POINT /
MELTING
POINT

ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVIT
Y

Iron (Fe)

Solid

2800C /
1530C

Good

Zinc (Zn)

Solid

1000C /
419C

Good

Copper (Cu)

Solid

2350C /
1083C

Good

PROPERTIES
SUBSTANCES

SUBSTANCES MADE OF MOLECULES

Most substances made of molecules exist in either liquid
or gaseous states. This is due to weak forces of
attraction between the molecules known as Van der
Waal forces
These forces are easily broken when substances made
of molecules are heated
So, substances made of molecules have low melting and
boiling points.
These substances do not conduct electricity as their
molecules are neutral

PHYSICAL
STATE AT
ROOM
TEMPERATUR
E

BOILINT
POINT
(C)

MELTING
POINT
(C)

ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY

Carbon dioxide

Gas

-78

-78

Poor

Methane

Gas

-161

-183

Poor

Water

Liquid

100

Poor

Sulphur

Gas

444

114

Poor

PROPERTIES

SUBSTANCES

SUBSTANCES MADE OF IONS

Substances made of ions consist of positive and negative
ions. These ions are arranged in a lattice
The positive and negative ions are held together by ionic
bonds
A large amount of energy is required to break these
bonds. Therefore, the boiling and melting points of
substances made of ions are high
Substances made of ions do not conduct electricity in
solid state
Electricity is only conducted in molten aqueous states as
the lattice is broken down in these states. This enables
the ions to move freely to conduct electricity

PHYSICAL
STATE AT
ROOM
TEMPERATUR
E

BOILINT
POINT
(C)

MELTING
POINT
(C)

ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
(WHEN MOLTEN)

Calcium
chloride

Solid

1600

778

Good

Sodium chloride

Solid

1413

801

Good

Copper (II)
Chloride

Solid

990

620

Good

Potassium
bromide

Solid

1376

728

Good

PROPERTIES

SUBSTANCES

 Atom

Ion
:
Molekul :

zarah tidak
bercas
Atom bercas
terdiri lebih
daripada satu
atom

Sifat

BAHAN
Atom

1. Jenis zarah

Ion

Molekul

atom

ion

Molekul

2. Keadaan bahan pada suhu

bilik

pepejal

pepejal

Pepejal,cecair dan
gas

3. Pergerakan zarah

bergetar

bergetar

Pepejal-bergetar
Cecair- bergerak
bebas
Gas - bergerak
rawak

4. Daya tarikan antara zarah

Daya tarikan
Daya
logam sangat kuat elektrostatik
Sangat kuat

Daya Van der Waals

lemah

5. Takat lebur dan takat didih

Tinggi

Rendah

6. Kekonduksian elektrik
Pepejal
Leburan
Akues/larutan berair

Boleh
Boleh
--------

Natrium klorida

Contoh

Semua jenis
logam

Tinggi

Tidak boleh
Tidak boleh
Satu perkataan
Boleh
Tidak boleh
Boleh
Tidak boleh

Ada dua perkataan

Plumbum
bromida

Naftalena, glukosa,
alkohol

LOGAM DAN BUKAN LOGAM

SIFAT

LOGAM

BUKAN LOGAM

1. Permukaan

Berkilau

Pudar

2. Kemuluran (tarik jadi

panjang)

Boleh

Tidak boleh

3. Kebolehtempaan( boleh
bentuk)

Boleh

Tidak boleh

4. Kekuatan regangan

Tinggi

Rendah

5. Kekonduksian haba

Baik

Lemah

6. Kekonduksian elektrik

Baik

Lemah

7. Ketumpatan

Tinggi

Rendah

8. Takat lebur dan takat didih

Tinggi

Rendah

9. Keadaan pada suhu bilik

Pepejal kecuali
merkuri

Pepejal, cecair, gas