Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
The study and understanding of
individual and group behaviour
and patterns of structure in
order to help improve
organizational performance
and effectiveness.
Introduction
Objectives of Structure
Division of Labor
Formal hierarchy
Direct supervision
Common in larger firms
Problems -- costly, slow,
Standardization
Formal instructions
Clear goals/outputs
Training/skills
Departmentalization
Span of
Control
Organizational
Structure
Elements
Formalization
Centralization
Span of Control
Number of people directly
reporting to the next level
Assumes coordination
through direct supervision
Wider span of control
possible when:
with other coordinating
methods
subordinates tasks are similar
tasks are routine
Centralisation
Centralization
Organizational crises
Management desire for control
Increase consistency, reduce costs
Decentralization
Formalisation
Organic
High formalization
Low formalization
High centralization
Low centralization
Effects of Departmentalization
Establishes work teams and
supervision structure
Creates common resources, measures
of performance, etc
Encourages informal communication
among people and subunits
Finance
Production
Marketing
Emergency Unit
OPD
Surgery Unit
Geographically
based Structures
Organizes employees around geographic areas,
products, or clients according to particular needs
or demands.Eg: Local Authority Services
Managing Director
Area A
Area B
Area C
Marketing
Manager
Software
Manager
Customer
Service
Firm
(Canada)
Marketing
Firm
(U.K.)
Core
Firm
(U.S.A.)
Production
Firm
(China)
Accounting
Firm
(U.S.A.)