SIEMENS

PRESENTATION
ON
SUBSTATION DESIGN
By
Yuvaraj Patil
I&S/WR

SUBSTATION DESIGN
WHAT IS THERE IN SUBSTATION DESIGNING ??
SLD
EQUIPMENT LAYOUT
BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT
FAULT LEVEL
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
CREEPAGE AND CLEARANCE
GROUNDING & LIGHTNING PROTECTION
SAFETY INTERLOCKS
OTHERS, e.g. LIGHTING AND CIVIL

SUBSTATION DESIGN CRITERIA

FOLLOWING STUDIES ARE PERFORMED TO ESTABLISH THE DESIGN
CRITERIA FOR A SUBSTATION
1. LOAD FLOW STUDIES :

- To determine the current carrying requirements of new s/s.

- To determine the continuous and Emergency rating of equipment
2. S.C.CALCULATION :

- To permit the equipment to without damage, severe thermal and

mechanical stresses of S.C. currents.
- To provide adequate interrupting capability in CBs, strength in
post insulators
- Setting of protective relays

SUBSTATION DESIGN CRITERIA

3. TRANSIENT STABILITY STUDY :

Following factors affects the Stability of System.

- Severity of Fault
- Speed with which fault is cleared
- Ties between the Machine and the System after the fault are
cleared ( Which may weaken the system by operating more
than one line due to not operation of primary relaying )
4. TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGE STUDY :

- It is required to protect the equipments from Lightning Stroke

and Switching Transient.
-*-

SUBSTATION ARRANGEMENT ASPECTS

1. System Security :

- The ideal s/s is one where each circuit is controlled by separate CB with
facility for replacement of bus bar OR CB in the event of fault or during
maintenance.
- Double Bus Bar system with Double CB arrangement is ideal.
2. Operational Flexibility :
- For efficient loading of Generators it is necessary to control MVA and
MVAR loading under all condition
3. Simplicity of Protection Arrangement :
- Where greater no of CB has to be tripped during fault condition,
protection arrangement becomes more complex.
JERP is best example of complex Protection !!

SUBSTATION ARRANGEMENT ASPECTS

4. Ability to Limit the S.C. Levels :

- Any arrangement which incorporates means of providing a S/S

into Two separate sections is suitable to Limit S.C levels.
5. Maintenance Facilities :

- Arrangement shall be suitable for the Planned or Emergency

Maintenance .
6. Ease of Extension ::

- To add new bays there shall be space and expansion facilities.

7. Site Considerations :

- Where the area is limited, simple arrangement with least no of

CBs.

Considerations for Choice of Busbar Arrangement

A number of factors are to be considered while finalizing the Layout

and Switching arrangements of S/S.
Importance of Substation
Reliability
Redundancy
Economics and availability of finance
Availability of Space and Right Of Way for approaching

lines
Future Expansion

Single Bus System- Primary Components,

Protection Zone
BusEarthing
Switch

Bus
BusPotential
Transformer

BusIsolator

Protection-zone,
busbar

Circuit-breaker
Current
Transformer

Earthingswitch

Protection-zone,
line/trafo

Line
Isolator

Earthingswitch

Wave
Trap

Wave
Trap
Surge
arrester

Line
Isolator

Potential
Transformer

Line 1

Transformer

Line 2

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

Main Bus

Transfer Bus coupler

x
CT
Earthingswitch

Line
Isolator

x
CT

Earthingswitch

Line
Isolator

Transfer
Isolator

Transfer
Isolator
Transfer Bus
Wave
Trap
Surge
arrester
Line 1

x
CT

Earthingswitch

CT

Line
Isolator

Transfer
Isolator

Wave
Trap

Wave
Trap

Surge
arrester

Surge
arrester
Line 2

Line 3

A Transfer Bus Coupler & All feeders need one additional isolator.
In Thermax Project we are using this arrangement

Ring or Mesh System

Line 1

Transformer 2

Transformer 1

Line 2

Single Bus with sectionaliser System- Primary

Components,
Bus Section-isolator
Bus
A
Over-lapping Protection Zone
Busdisconnect

Bus PT 1

Bus PT 2

Circuit-breaker

CT
VT
Earthing switch
Linedisconnect

Surge arrester

Earthing switch

To improve Reliability bus section isolator/CB is introduced

Bus B

Double Main Bus System

or Main & Reserve Bus system
Bus I

Bus-coupler

BusPT -I

Bus II
BusIsolators
Circuit-breaker

BusEarthing-I, II

CT

Earthingswitch

Line
Isolator

Wave
Trap

Earthingswitch
Earthingswitch

Line
Isolator

Wave
Trap

Surge
arrester

Surge
arrester

Line 1

Line 2

Transformer

BusPT -II

Double Main & Transfer Bus

Arrangement (DMT)
Transfer
Bus-coupler

Bus I

Bus-coupler

BusPT -I

Bus II
BusIsolators
Circuit-breaker

BusEarthing-I, II

CT
Earthingswitch

Line
Isolator

Earthingswitch
Transfer
Isolator

Wave
Trap

Wave
Trap

Surge
arrester

Surge
arrester

Line 1

Line 2

Almost all PGCIL 220kV substations use this arrangement

BusPT -II

One and a Half Breaker

Arrangement
Bus A

Bushing

Q0 11

Q0 41

For future use

Q0 13

Q0 12

Q0 42

Bushing

Bus B

Almost all PGCIL 765kv,400kV substations use this arrangement

Three Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

2000/1/1/1A

Core Like line

417

Practiced in Europe, Germany

245kV Switchyard Layout

245 kV Outdoor switchyard (AIS)

1 Bus I
2 Bus II

3 Bus-disconnector
4 Circuit-breaker

5 CT
6 VT

Double busbars, classical layout

7 Line-disconnector with built-on earthing switch

8 Surge arrester

Almost all PGCIL 220kV substations use this arrangement

SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. FAULT LEVEL :
Expressed as MVA or kA and duration of 1-3 Sec.
Depends on source impedance
All CBs are to be rated for fault level
Earth Switches for making fault level
- All Bus bars, bus supports to be designed to withstand forces

due to S.C

2. SAFETY CLEARANCES :
3. STRUCTURE :

Why is it required ?
To support and install Buses, electrical equipment and terminate
transmission line conductors.
The structures may be of steel, RCC or wood
They need foundation according to soil condition at site

SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Design of Structures are affected by :

- Phase clearance
- Ground clearance
- Length and weight of buses and other equipment.
Design Load on Girders shall include :

- Conductor tension
- Earth wire tension
- Weight of Insulators and Hardwares
- Erection load ( approx. 350 kg)
- Weigh of man & tools to work ( aprox. 200kg)
- Wind load
- Impact load, if any during operation of equipment.
- Walkway if any.
( BSP Project we are providing the same)

SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

4.

Recommended Standard Bay Widths :

a.

400kV feeder Bays

400kV Transformer Bays
220kV Feeder Bays
110kV Feeder Bays
110kV Transformer Bays
66kV Bays
22kV Bays
11kV Bays

b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

- 27m
- 20m ( per phase)
- 17m
- 10m
- 10m
- 8m
- 3.8m
- 3.5m

SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Normally adopted phase spacings are :

Sr. No.

Voltage Level (kV)

Spacing (m)

11/22

1.3

33

1.5

66

2.0 to 2.2

110

2.4 to 3.0

220

4.5

400

7.0

BUS DESIGN
Present day trend is to use Rigid bus rather than strain bus due to

can be constructed at lower profile.

are aesthetically pleasing.

corona level is lower.

1.
Construction of Rigid Bus :

Aluminum bus materials used for rigid bus may be of different

shapes.

They may be round tubing's, channels, angles or integral web

designs.

Round tubing used in all voltage levels.

Square/channel tubing is used only at lower voltages.

Angle bus used only at distribution voltages.

Integral web bus is structurally strong and is used for high current and
long spans generally at lower voltage.

BUS DESIGN

Design considerations of Rigid Bus :

Bus must carry the expected maximum load current without
exceeding the temp. limit .
The capacity of bus shall be checked for max. temp. under S.C.
conditions.
Shall be designed to take vibration induced by the action of
50Hz current.
Shall be designed to take the vibration due to wind flowing
across the tubing.
It should withstand the S.C. force.
for HV and EHV S/S the diameter of bus should be checked for
corona discharge.
The bus support system must be capable to to take weight of
tubing, damping material, wind on tubing, S.C. force calculated.

BUS DESIGN
2. Design considerations of Strain Bus :
Widely used in most of the station due to ease of construction.
Even in station where Rigid bus is predominant, some spans will

be invariably of strain bus construction.

The design followed is based on simple sag-tension
calculations.
The down drops from strain bus appear as a concentrated load.
Depending on length and weight of dropper, tension on bus will
vary considerably.
Where bundled conductors are used in strain bus, the type of
spacer may have an influence on resulting tension.
If rigid spacers are used, then during S.C., the two conductors
will attempt to draw together and cause increases tension on
strain bus

ACCESSORIES REQUIRED FOR BUS CONSTRUCTION

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

RIGID BUS :
BPI
Aluminium Tubular pipes for bus
Welding Sleeves of equivalent dia for Al Bus.
BPI clamp for fixing tubular pipe to the insulator
Inter connector for Al tube to strain Bus
Corona bells for the free ends of right bus.
STRAIN BUS :
Insulator strings
ACSR conductor of right choice
Hardware fittings for tension points.
Arcing horns
Corona rings

ACCESSORIES REQUIRED FOR BUS CONSTRUCTION

6. Sag compensating spring.

7. Suspension clamps with accessories for jumper connection

points.
8. Rigid or flexible spacers ( For bundle conductor bus)
9. Parallel Groove clamps (PG Clamps) suitable for the ACSR for
jumper and dropper connections.
10. Tee Clamps for droppers. (With suitable sizes).
11. Clamp to connect droppers, jumpers and interconnections to
the equipment and on BPI

SUBSTATION EARTHING
Purpose :
In ungrounded system, it will be inherently coupled
capacitively to the earth th system capacitance. During
ground fault, the charging current will rise to 3 times the Zero
sequence current, develops high value of voltage.
so earthing is required to
1.
2.
3.

Limit the transient overvoltages caused by restricting the

ground current.
Safety to the personnel working in the maintenance.
Fast and selective clearing of ground fault to limit the damage
to the equipment.

SUBSTATION EARTHING
Following steps are involved in Design of Earthing System.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Soil investigation.
Determination of maximum ground current
Preliminary designing of grounding system
Calculation of resistance of grounding system
Calculation of maximum grid potential rise.
Calculation of step and touch voltages.
Correction of preliminary design.
A continuous earth conductor is placed around the
perimeter of yard to enclose as much ground as possible to
avoid current concentration.
Within the grid conductors are laid in parallel lines and at
uniform spacing along the rows of structure and equipment.

SUBSTATION EARTHING
The earthing material should have
High conductivity
Low underground corrosion

GI material is used for earthing and size of conductor should be

such that
It has thermal stability to flow the ground fault current
It should last at least for 50 years without causing break in the
ground circuit due to corrosion
It should be mechanically strong.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
Instrument Transformers are used to provide the exact
proportion of the high voltage and current within the substation
at a level suitable for metering, relaying and control.
Voltage Transformers :
VT may be of Electromagnetic or Capacitor type.
When high level of accuracy is required then Electromagnetic
type is used.
All voltage transformers are required to comply with one of the
classes in Table 8.1.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
For protection purposes, accuracy of voltage measurement
may be important during fault conditions, as the system voltage
might be reduced by the fault to a low value. Voltage
transformers for such types of service must comply with the
extended range of requirements set out in table 8.2

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Voltage Factors :

The value Vf in Table 8.2 is an upper limit of operating voltage,

expressed in per unit of rated voltage. This is important for correct relay
operation and operation under unbalanced fault conditions on
unearthed or impedance earthed systems,. Voltage factors, with the
permissible duration of the maximum voltage, are given in Table 8.3.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Protection of Voltage Transformers
o Voltage Transformers can be protected by H.R.C. fuses on the

primary side for voltages up to 66kV. Fuses do not usually have

a sufficient interrupting capacity for use with higher voltages.
o In some cases protection on the primary is omitted. The

secondary of a Voltage Transformer should always be protected

by fuses or a miniature circuit breaker (MCB).

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
The current transformers may be either of bushing type or wound

type.
CT should be selected with a rating 25% greater than the max
current that is likely to flow during normal operation.
Protective CT should have high saturation factor.
The secondary circuit must not be interrupted while the primary
winding is energized. The induced secondary e.m.f. under these
circumstances will be high enough to present a danger to life and
insulation.
Protection class current transformers must retain a reasonable
accuracy up to the largest relevant current. This value is known as
the accuracy limit current
The ratio of the accuracy limit current to the rated current is known
as the 'accuracy limit factor

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
The accuracy class of protection current transformers is shown in Table

Class PS Current Transformers

The classification of Table 5 is only used for overcurrent protection
PS commonly used with unit protection schemes
Knee point is a key factor in the PS class CT

POWER TRANSFORMER
RATINGS :

Transformer ratings shall be such that the transformer can

deliver its rated current under steady loading conditions without
exceeding the limits of temperature-rise specified in IS : 2026
( Part II ) - 1977* assuming that the applied voltage is equal to
the rated voltage and that the supply is at rated frequency.
SERVICE CONDITIONS :

Transformers complying with IS-2026 are suitable for operation

continuously at their ratings, provided the temperature of the
cooling air or water does not exceed any of the reference
ambient temperatures specified

POWER TRANSFORMER
kVA Ratings:

kVA ratings for three-phase transformers are given in below table

For single-phase transformers intended for use in three-phase

banks, the kVA ratings are one-third of the values in Table 2.

POWER TRANSFORMER
Operation at Other than Rated Voltage :

- A transformer built in accordance with IS-2026 may be

operated at its rated kVA at any voltage within +/- 10 percent of
the rated voltage of that particular tap.
- The transformer shall be capable of delivering rated current at
a voltage equal to 105 percent of the rated voltage.
Operation at Rated Frequency :

The frequency for A transformer built in accordance with IS2026 standard shall be 50 Hz with tolerance of +/- 3 percent.
Temp Rise:

The transformer shall confirm to the requirements of

temperature rise specified in IS : 2026 (Part II)

POWER TRANSFORMER
Insulation Levels :

The insulation levels shall be in accordance with IS : 2026 (Part

III)- 19777.
Terminal markings, tappings and Connections :
The terminal markings, tapings and connections shall be in
accordance with IS : 2026 ( Part IV )-1977
Requirement with regards to Ability to withstand S.C.
Transformers shall be designed and constructed to withstand
without damage the thermal and dynamic effects of external
short circuit under the conditions specified in IS:2026.

POWER TRANSFORMER
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS
( ABOVE 1600 kVA)
Ratings :
o
The

secondary no-load voltage should be specified 5

percent more than the nominal voltage to compensate the
transformer regulation partly.
o For transformers requiring to be operated in parallel, the voltage
ratio should be selected in accordance with guidelines given in
IS : 10028 ( Part 2 )-1981*.
Taps :

On-load tap changers on HV side should be specified,

wherever required.
o The total number of taps should be 16 in steps of 1.25 percent..
Off-circuit taps, when specified, should be in the range of 2.5
percent and +/- 5 percent provided on the HV side.

POWER TRANSFORMER
Connection Symbol :
o

The preferred connections for two winding transformers up

to 66 kV high voltage ( HV ) side rating are delta/star ( Dyn ) and
star/star ( YNyn ). For higher voltages, connections star/star
(YNyn) or star/delta ( YNd ) may be preferred.
o The selection of connection group should be made taking into
consideration the requirements of parallel operation with other
transformers
Impedance :

o The transformer impedance is decided taking into Consideration

the secondary fault levels and the voltage dip.

o typical impedance values are given IS : 2026 ( Part 1 )-19777.

POWER TRANSFORMER
Termination Arrangement :

Primary and secondary terminals may be bare bushings,

cable boxes or bus trunking depending upon the method of
installation.
o
It is preferable to specify disconnecting chamber between
transformer terminals and cable box to facilitate disconnection
of transformer.
o

OTHER DEVICES AND EQUIPMENTS

Due to the time constraint following devices/equipments

are not covered in detail !!!
Circuit Breakers
Isolator and earth Switch
LA
Battery and battery Charger
ACDB
DCDB
AHU for Control room
Control & Relay Panel

SIEMENS

THANK YOU
For your Patience !