MANUFACTURING

TECHNOLOGY-II

UNIT4

REFRIGERATION
AND
AIRCONDITIONING
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REFRIGERATION

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REFRIGERATION
Refrigeration is defined as
the process of providing and
maintaining a temperature
well
below
that
of
surrounding atmosphere.

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REFRIGERATOR AND HEAT PUMPS

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TYPES OF REFRIGERATOR
1.

Ice refrigerator

2.

Air refrigerator

3.

Vapour refrigerator
A. Vapour
compression
refrigerators
B. Vapour absorption refrigerators
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APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION

Chemical industries for separating and

liquifying gases and vapors.

Manufacturing and storing of ice

for cooling water
For controlling humidity of air in the
manufacture and heat treatment of
steels,

Pharmaceutical industries

Printing industries

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REFRIGERANT

REFRIGERANT

COMPARISON

VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATORS

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VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATORS

VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATORS

VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATORS

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VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATORS

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VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATORS

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COMPARISON

COMPARISON

REFRIGERANTS
A substance which is used to
extract heat from the low
temperature
delivers

into

body

and

the

high

temperature body is known

as refrigerant.

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DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANT

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
It should be non-toxic
It should be non-corrosive
It should be non-flammable
It should be non-explosive
It should react with lubricating oil
It should react with moisture to
form acid

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DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANT

PHYSICAL AND THERMODYNAMICS PROPERTIES

It should have low specific volume

It should have low specific heat
It should have low boiling and freezing

point
It should have high latent heat of

vaporisation
It should have high thermal

conductivity

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TYPES OF REFRIGERANT
Ammonia
Carbon Di-oxide
Sulphur Di-oxide
Freon-11
Freon-12
Freon-13
Freon-21
Freon-22

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TYPES OF REFRIGERANT

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TYPES OF REFRIGERANT

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APPLICATION OF REFRIGERANT

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Type of Refrigeration

REFRIGERATION

Evaporative Cooling

Air in contact with water to cool it close to wet

bulb temperature

Advantage: efficient cooling at low cost

Disadvantage: air is rich in moisture

Sprinkling
Water

Hot Air

Cold
Air

(Adapted from
Munters, 2001)
25

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SPECIFIC HEAT OF
WATER & ICE

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SPECIFIC HEAT
Specific heat is defined as the
quantity of heat required to
rise or lower the temperature
one kg of water through one
Kelvin or degree Celsius in one
second

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SPECIFIC HEAT

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REFRIGERATING
EFFECT

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REFRIGERATING EFFECT
It is defined as the quantity of
heat extracted from a cold
body or space to be cooled in a
given time.

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REFRIGERATING EFFECT
It is denoted by letter N

Unit

KJ/s

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CAPACITY OF A
REFRIGERATION
UNIT
OR
TON OF
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CAPACITY OF A REFRIGERATION UNIT

One ton of refrigeration is

defined as the quantity of heat
abstracted to freeze one ton of
water in a duration of 24 hours
at 0 C.

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CAPACITY OF A REFRIGERATION UNIT

Heat

abstracted

from

water at 0C to convert
it into ice at 0C =?

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CAPACITY OF A REFRIGERATION UNIT

Latent

heat

of

ice

=336

KJ/Kg

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CAPACITY OF A REFRIGERATION UNIT or TON OF

REFRIGERATION

Ton of refrigeration=12600
KJ/hr
=210 KJ/min
= 3.5 KJ/s

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PERFORMANCE OF
REFRIGERATOR
OR
CO-EFFICIENT OF
PERFORMANCE (COP)
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CO-EFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP)

It is defined as the ratio of heat

extracted in a given time to the
work input.

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CO-EFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP)

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CO-EFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP)

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RELATIVE
C.O.P.

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RELATIVE C.O.P

It is defined as the ratio of

actual C.O.P to theoretical C.O.P.

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EFFICIENCY OF
HEAT PUMP

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EFFICIENCY OF HEAT PUMP

It is reciprocal thermal
efficiency (R.T.E.)
It is the ratio of heat rejected
at higher temperature to the
work supplied.

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EFFICIENCY OF HEAT PUMP

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EFFICIENCY OF HEAT PUMP

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POWER
REQUIRED

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POWER REQUIRED

The power required to

produce a refrigerating
effect equivalent of 1 ton of
refrigeration may be
calculated as follows.

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POWER REQUIRED

Work
input
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POWER REQUIRED

Example
Work done = 19.435
KJ/s
Power =

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POWER REQUIRED

Example
Work done = 19.435
KJ/s
Power = 19.435 KW
1KJ/s = 1 KW
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REFRIGERATION
CYCLE

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REFRIGERATION CYCLE

Refrigerator using air as a

working fluid can operate on
1. Reversed Carnot Cycle
2. Reversed joules cycle or
Bell-Coleman Cycle

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REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE

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REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE

Formula for
Refrigerator

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REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE

Formula for Heat
Pump

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Formulas

KJ/s
C.O.P

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REVERSED JOULES CYCLE OR BELL-COLEMAN CYCLE

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REVERSED JOULES CYCLE OR BELL-COLEMAN CYCLE - PROCESS

1-2: Isentropic or polytrophic

expansion in Expander
2-3: heat extracted at constant
pressure in Brine or Evaporator
3-4: Isentropic or polytrophic
compression in Compressor
2-3: heat rejected at constant
pressure in Air Cooler

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REVERSED JOULES CYCLE OR BELL-COLEMAN CYCLE

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REVERSED JOULES CYCLE OR BELL-COLEMAN CYCLE CASES

Case 1: Both compression and

expansion are
Isentropic
Case 2: Both compression and
expansion are
Polytrophic
Case 3: Compression is Polytrophic
and
Expansion is Isentropic
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REVERSED JOULES CYCLE OR BELL-COLEMAN CYCLE CASES

Case 1: Both compression and

expansion are
Isentropic

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REVERSED JOULES CYCLE OR BELL-COLEMAN CYCLE CASES

Case 2: Both compression and

expansion are
Polytrophic

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REVERSED JOULES CYCLE OR BELL-COLEMAN CYCLE CASES

Case 3: Compression is Polytrophic

and
Expansion is Isentropic

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