BIOM 1006/1906

Biochemistry and Cell

Biology
DR JANE SHERWOOD CELL BIOLOGY
H1.18
JMS@DMU.AC.UK
IN DMU MON-WED MORNINGS

Lecture 1: Introduction
and Cell Structure

Cell Biology What will I

study before Xmas?
Introduction
Organelles
The

to cells

Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus

Organelles

II

Mitochondria,

Lysosomes, peroxisomes and inherited

disorders associated with organelles

The

Cytoskeleton

 DNA

structure
Chromosome structure and karyotype
analysis
DNA replication
An introduction to Mendelian Genetics
The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Mitosis and meiosis

How will you learn?

Lectures
Background

reading

Books
Recommended
CAL

web sites

(Computer-aided learning)

Practical

sessions (BIOM1006 only)

Blackboard - your VLE

(Virtual Learning Environment)

Access
Why?
Announcements
Lecture

cancellations and room changes

notes (with and without gaps)

Reading

lists

Text books

Essential Cell Biology Alberts et al 4th

Edition (2014)

All the pictures and movies from the

lectures

are from this book you need access to it

The 2nd and 3rd editions in

the library are also
acceptable to use and are
also in the library.

Molecular Biology of the Cell (MBOC) by Alberts is the full version of this b
lots of copies in the library but you dont need to buy this!

Help along the way

Look this up and read further

Definition learn this
Write this down
Question

Introduction to cells

Unity and diversity of cells

Cells under the microscope
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Unity and diversity of cells

Cells small membrane enclosed
units filled with a concentrated
aqueous solution of chemicals and
capable of reproduction at some
stage in their life cycle

An

organism may consist of

just

one cell eg. bacteria, some fungi

or
a

collection of cells eg. plants,

animals, some fungi

Living cells all have a

similar basic chemistry

Cells are the fundamental

unit of life
The

variety of the cellular world

Unicellular and multicellular
organisms

Cell Diversity

Size

Lactobacillus (cheese) a few

micrometers (m) long
Frogs egg - diameter of a few millimetres
Nerve cell protrusions 10 000 times
longer than the thickness of the cell

Outer appearance
Paramecium 1000s of cilia covering
the surface
Bdellovibrio bacterium rotating
corkscrew-like appendage
Cell wall versus flimsy membrane
versus outer slime layer

The diversity of protozoa

Fig 1.31

Characteristics common to all

cells

Bounded by a membrane
Possess a distinct internal
microenvironment
Contain DNA

(at some stage of their life cycle)

 Contain biochemicals
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic
acids

Undertake metabolic reactions

(eg glycolysis)
Are able to reproduce (at some
stage in their life cycle)

All present day cells have

apparently evolved from a
common ancestor

Cell reproduction

Duplicate DNA then divide in

two

Genetic instructions (DNA)

passed to daughter cells

DNA not always perfectly copied

mutations
1.

Change the organism for the worse

2.

Neutral change

3.

Change for the better

. Struggle

for survival eliminates 1.,

tolerates 2. and favours 3.

Genetic change and selection evolution

Cells under the

microscope
Most

cells are too small to be seen by the

naked eye
With the development of the glass lens
Hooke looked at cork (1665) called the
chambers he saw cells
1674 Leeuwenhoek describes protozoa and
later bacterial cells
1838 Schwann and Schleiden propose cell
theory. Cells are the building blocks of plants
and animals

1857 Klliker describes mitochondria

1898 Golgi describes the Golgi
apparatus by using a silver stain
1952 Palade, Porter and Sjstrand
develop the electron microscope (EM)
and visualise the cytoskeleton.
1957 Robertson describes the lipid
bilayer structure (EM)
1965 de Duve uses cell fractionation
to separate mitochondria, lysosomes
and peroxisomes

Light
microscope

Light microscope (interferencecontrast optics) and confocal

fluorescence microscopy

Electron
microscope

See

Panel 1.1 Different types of

microscopy

Viruses - Are they cells?

No membranes
No metabolism
Cannot reproduced without the aid of the
host cell

Viruses are not a type of cell

Classification of Cells

Does the cell have a nucleus?

(The nucleus is an internal compartment

where the DNA is housed.)

No = Prokaryote cell

Yes = Eukaryote cell

Prokaryotic cells
.

Prokaryotes are the most diverse

and numerous cells on earth

The world of prokaryotes is divided

into two domains: bacteria and
archaea

The Eukaryotic Cell

.
.
.
.

The Nucleus Is the Information Store of the

Cell
Mitochondria Generate Usable Energy from
Food to Power the Cell
Chloroplasts Capture Energy from Sunlight
Internal Membranes Create Intracellular
Compartments with Different Functions

The cytosol is a concentrated aqueous gel of

large and small molecules
The cytoskeleton is responsible for directed
cell movements
The cytoplasm is far from static
Eukaryotic cells may have originated as
predators
Find definitions for the terms in purple if they
are not given

Nucleus

Mitochondria

The Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Mitochondria most likely evolved
from engulfed bacteria

Chloroplasts

The Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Chloroplasts almost certainly evolved from
engulfed photosynthetic bacteria

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Golgi apparatus
(Golgi body)

Cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic versus
Prokaryotic

Draw up a table to compare and

contrast prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells
What are the similarities?
What are the differences?

Summary

Whats expected of you?

What are cells?

What characteristics do all cells

possess?

Prokaryotic versus eukaryotic

cells

Chapter 1- Read, read, read,

read, read.