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Column
www.engineering-resource.com/Files/distillation%20column1.ppt
Distillation:
Process in which a liquid or vapour mixture
of two or more substances is separated into
its component fractions of desired purity, by
the application and removal of heat
PLATE CONTACTORS:
Cross flow plate are the most commonly
used plate contactor in distillation. In
which liquid flows downward and vapours
flow upward. The liquid move from plate
to plate via down comer. A certain level of
liquid is maintained on the plates by weir.
Selection of
Trays:
I prefer Sieve
Plate because:
Sieve Tray
Label Diagram
tray)
Downcomer
And
Weir
(sieve
Man
Way
Calming
Zone
Major Beam
Plate Support
Ring
FACTORS AFFECTING
DISTILLATION COLUMN
OPERATION
Adverse vapour flow conditions can
cause:
Blowing
Coning
Dumping
Raining
Weeping
Flooding
FLOW SHEET
REFLUX
DRUM
Condenser
REFLUX DRUM
(1) Methyl Iodide = 0.212
(2) Acetic Acid = 0.0005
(3)Methyl Acetate = 0.62 (
(4) Water = 0.167
FEED
FEED
Pump
(1) Methyl
= 0.07
(1) Iodide
Methyl
Iodide = 0.074
(2) Acetic
Acid
=
0.65
(2) Acetic Acid = 0.65
(3)MethylAcetate=0.22
(3)Methyl Acetate =(4)
0.215
Water = 0.065
Reboiler
(1)Acetic Acid = 0.99
(2)Water = 0.01
Component
Feed
Fraction
xf
(1)
0.07
0.65
0.99
Methyl
Bottom
Fraction
xb
Top
Fraction
xd
0.21
Iodide
(2)
Acetic
0.0005
DESIGNING STEPS OF
DISTILLATION COLUMN
Rm 1
A B
Actual Reflux
Ratio:
The rule of thumb is:
R = (1.2 ------- 1.5) R min
R = 1.5 R min
R = 6.23
Theoretical no. of
Plates:
R Rmin
0.75 1
N 1
R 1
0.566
Eo 51 32.5 log avg . avg
x
N
x
LK B
D
B
HK
log
.206 log D
N
x LK
x HK D
B
From which,
Number of Plates above the feed tray = ND = 47
Number of Plates below the feed tray = NB = 21
Determination of the
Column Diameter:
Flow Parameter:
FLV
Ln
Vn
v
L
0.5
Capacity Parameter:
Assumed tray spacing = 18 inch (0.5 m)
From Fig (15-5) Plant Design and Economics
for Chemical Engineering, sieve tray flooding
capacity,
Csb = 0.0760 m/Sec
0.5
0.2
Surface tension
of
l =
= 18.35
v
Mixture
dynes/Cm Vnf Csb 20 v
Vnf=1.67 m/sec
Assume 90% of flooding then
Vn=0.9Vnf
So, actual vapor velocity,
Vn=1.51 m/sec
Ac = An + 0.15(Ac)
Ac = An / 0.85
Ac=1.65 m2
So Diameter of Column Is
Ac =(/4)D2
D = (4Ac/)
D = 1.45 meter = 5ft
(based upon bottom conditions)
Liquid flow
arrangement:
In order to find liquid flow arrangement
first find maximum liquid volumetric
flow rate
So liquid flow rate =
(Liquid mass rate)/ (3600) (Liquid
density)
Max Liquid Rate Is At the bottom of
column so using "Lm" values
So Maximum liquid flow rate = 0.005
m3/sec
So from fig11.28 Coulson & Richardson
6th volume 3rd edition cross flow
Provisional Plate
Design:
Column Diameter Dc= 1.4513 m
Column Cross-sectional Area(Ac)= 1.65 m2
Down comer area Ad
= 0.15Ac = 0.25
m2
Net Area (An) = Ac - Ad =1.41 m2
Active area Aa=Ac-2Ad = 1.16 m2
Hole area Ah take 10% Aa = 0.1 1.16
=0.0462 m2
Weir length
Ad / Ac = 0.248 / 1.654 = 0.15
Check Weeping:
K 2 0.9 25.4 d h
U min
v 1 / 2
how=750[(Lm/lw*)2/3]
Maximum liquid rate Lm= 4.7 kg/sec
Minimum Liquid Rate At 70% turn down ratio
= 3.3Kg/sec
At Maximum rate ( how)= 20 mm Liquid
At Minimum rate (how) = 16 mm Liquid
hw + how = 50 + 16 = 66 mm Liquid
from fig 11.30, Coulson and Richardson Vol.6
K2 = 30.50
So,
(min)
= 9 m/sec
U h
C o
V
hd 51
L
So,
ht hd ( hw how ) hr
Total pressure drop
=48+(50+20)+13.32
ht = 131.35 mm liquid
Total column pressure drop Pa, (N/m2)
= (9.81*10-3) htLN
= 82771.6 Pa = 82 kPa
hdc 166
l wd
L Aap
As a result,
hb = 203.24 mm
= 0.203 m
hb < (Tray spacing + weir height)
Check Residence
Time:
Sufficient residence time should be
allowed in the downcomer for the
entrained vapors to disengage from
liquid stream to prevent aerated liquid
being carried under the downcomer.
Check Entrainment:
(un) actual velocity = (maximum volumetric
flow rate at base Vm / net area An)
(un) actual velocity = 1.51 m/sec
Velocity at flooding condition Uf = 1.67
m/sec
So Percent flooding =un/ uf = 0.90 = 90%
No of Holes:
Area of 1 Hole = (/4) Dhole2
= 0.00002 m2
Area of N Holes = 0.1158 m2
So,
Number OF Holes = 5900
how=Weir crust
Plate Specifications
1.45m height=35m
Hole
diameter=5mm
hap=40 mm
No. of
holes=5900
h W=50 mm
Identification:
Item
Distillation column
No. required
1
Tray type
Sieve tray
Function: Separation of Acetic Acid from iodo methane
and Reaction by products.
Operation: Continuous
Material handled:
Feed
Amount
Compositio
n
of
Acetic Acid
Temp.
4755 Kg/hr
Top
1968 Kg/hr
Bottom
2786 Kg/hr
0.64
0.005
0.99
119oC
71oC
118oC
Design data:
No. of tray= 68
Pressure = 101.325 Kpa
Height of column = 35
m
Diameter of
column=1.45m
Hole size = 5 mm
Pressure drop per
tray=1.2 Kpa
Tray thickness = 5 mm
References
The End