Challenges and Opportunities for

Intelligent Buildings in the 21st

Century
Professor Derek Clements-Croome
The University of Reading
Intelligent Buildings Research Group
www.ibrg.rdg.ac.uk

Preview

Contradictions
Changes in Living, Innovation and Globalisation
Global Warming
Pollution in China
World Energy Patterns
Airconditioning: For Betterment of Mankind?
Environmental Design Affects Well-Being of People
Ideas for Progress
Embedded Sensors in Buildings, Equipment and
Clothing
Meeting the Challenges
Delivering Sustainability

Fact

Contradictions
Consequence
Question

Warmer weather
sustainable?
Tighter construction
More technology
reliability?
Rising user expectations
participative design?
Capital cost outlook
change?

More airconditioning
Less infiltration

Is this
Is this healthy?

Increasing complexity
More demands
Cheap ineffective solutions

Less
Client
Mindset cultural

Changes in Living,
Innovation and Globalisation

Source: Economic Division,

Department of Economic and
Social Affairs,
United Nations, Outlook 2004, IBM

Source: Joseph Jacobsen, Organizational and Individual Innovation Diffusi

Global Innovation Outlook 2004, IBM, p.6

Wider cross sector collaboration is essential to

innovation in many fields.
Source: Dr. H. Fuchs, Wilhelm University of Munster in Westphalia. Courtesy: Lux Research Outlook 2004,
IBM

Global Warming

Climate
Change

Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate
Change 2001

www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/external.php

Global Carbon Dioxide Increases

Source: CIBSE- Climate change and the indoor environment: impacts and ada
(UKCIP02 Scientific Report)

World Carbon Dioxide

Emissions 2001-2025
Region

Industrialised Countries
East Europe/Russian
Federation
Developing Countries
Total

Carbon Dioxide emissions

(million tonnes)
2001

2010

2025

3179
856
2487

3572
1038
3075

4346
1267
4749

6522

7685

10361

Energy Information Administration, U

www.eia.doe.gov/iea

Relative Carbon Emissions

Life Cycle Energy
System Basis

Annual Carbon
Emission (kg/m2)

CIBSE (2002)

13

Natural Ventilation - good

- typical

12
20

Airconditioning

20
37

- good
- typical

CIBSE (2002)

Pollution in China

Air pollution spreads out

over eastern China,
across the
East China Sea towards
Japan in October 2004.
The haze accumulates in
the atmosphere from the
burning of carbon-based
fuels.
Pollution (dark grey) is
easy to distinguish from
clouds
(bright white).

Image courtesy of the SeaWiFS Project,

Nasa/Goddard Space Flight Centre and
Orbimage
The World Energy Book Issue 1 Autumn 05

Air Pollution in Beijing

Two photos of the same Beijing skyline taken

less than 24 hours apart

World Energy Patterns

EIA: Wold Energy Outlook 200

China Generating-Capacity
Additions

The Wold Energy Book Issue 1 Autumn

Population Growth, 1850 to 1990 and

projections to 2100, in billion people

Global Primary Energy Use, Historical Development from 1850 to 1990

in the three cases to 2100, in Gto.
Source: Bos etc al, 1992, World Energy Council 2005

Global Carbon emissions from Fossil Fuel Use, 1850 to 1990,

and for scenarios to 2100, in G1C. For each scenario, the
range shows the difference between gross and net emissions.
World Energy Council 2005

Global Consumption of Energy in

1998
Energy Source

Consumption (Mtoe*)

Consumption (%)

Oil

3500

41.1

Natural gas

1900

22.4

Coal

2100

24.7

Nuclear

800

9.4

Hydro-electric

200

2.4

Total

8500

100

*Mtoe = Million tonnes oil equivalent = 42 GJ.

Colls (2002)

Global Renewable Energy

Potentials
EJ thermal equivalent annual contributions (1 Exa Joule = 10 18 J)
Energy Source

1990

2025

Long term

Hydro-electricity*

21

35-55

>130

Geothermal

<1

>20

Wind

7-10

>130

Ocean

>20

Solar

16-22

>2,600

55

72-137

>1.300

76

130-230

>4,200

Biomass
Total

* Hydropower accounts for about 19% of the world electricity supply; largest producers
are Canada, US and Brazil.

Kirkwood (1998)

Forecast growth rates in world solar-thermal markets. 2005-2010.

Three different scenarios for the near-term growth of micro-chp in the UK.

The average price of a photovoltaic module divided by its peak power versus
the total power generated by all the modules ever sold. The trend shows the
cost of modules falling by about 20% each time that sales double. (Data from
Strategies Unlimited.)
Terry Peterson, Brien Fies, Sloar Power to the
people, Physics World, Energy Challenges for the
21st Century, Volume 15, No: 7, 2002

Rules of Thumb for Solar

Design
Form

create sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelves

Orientation:

main glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due south

reduce north glazing
minimise tree over-shadowing
on housing estates build to a density of < 40 properties/ha
design atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the
sun in both summer and winter

fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation

or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.

Fabric:

Rawlings (1999)

Airconditioning for the

Betterment of Mankind?

Reverse Cycle Systems Annual Energy Consumption

Vs National Benchmarks for Office Energy Use

300

kWh/m2
Typical Practice

200

Good Practice

150
100

Site 31 - VRF HR

Site 30 - VRF HR

Site 29 - VRF HR

Site 28 - VRF HR

Site 27 - DX Split

Site 26 - DX Split

Site 25 - DX Split

Site 24 - Fancoils

50

Site 23 - Chilled Ceiling

kWh/m2

250

Note: Heating & cooling energy consumption

Dunn and Knight 2005

150

0
Site 1 - All-Air
Site 2 - All-Air
Site 3 - All-Air
Site 4 - All-Air
Site 5 - All-Air
Site 6 - All-Air
Site 7 - All-Air
Site 8 - Chilled Ceiling
Site 9 - Chilled Ceiling
Site 10 - Chilled Ceiling
Site 11 - Chilled Ceiling
Site 12 - Fancoils
Site 13 - Fancoils
Site 14 - Fancoils
Site 15 - Fancoils
Site 16 - Fancoils
Site 17 - DX Split
Site 18 - DX Split
Site 19 - DX Split
Site 20 - DX Split
Site 21 - DX Split
Site 22 - DX Split
Site 32 - Unitary HP

kWh/m2

200
Cooling Only Systems Annual Energy Consumption
Vs National Benchmarks for Office Energy Use
kWh/m2

Good Practice

Typical Practice

100

50

Note: Cooling energy consumption

Dunn and Knight 2005

China supplied 75% of the

world air-conditioning
market by 2004.

Comparison of exports
from China to all regions
in 2003 and 2004.

BSRIA, Delta, Sept 04

Relation between MV and PD in summer for 29 airconditioned buildings and for 32 buildings with
individual temperature control and natural or
mechanical
ventilation.
80
Natural
ventilation
(21 buildings)

Natural ventilation

70

Mechanical ventilation
Airconditioning

Percentage of dissatisfied

60

50

Airconditioning
(29 buildings)

40

30
Mechanical
ventilation
(11 buildings)

20

PMV

10

0
-2

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0,5

1,5

Mean Vote

International Journal of Construction Innovation Magazine. 2005/2006

Environmental Design
Affects
Well-Being of People

Deficiencies in these Factors

can
Rapidly Fatigue Office Workers

Aural/acoustic quality
Visual illumination quality
Thermal quality
Air quality
Building amenities
Functional ergonomics
Organisation
Social milieu
Personal Life

Decrease of Performance and

Productivity with Temperature
2,.5% decrease per deg C above 250C and below 200C

(Seppanen et al, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings, Singapore, Volume 3

Stata Building at MIT by Frank

Gehry
exterior
University officials sought an unconventional
building to inspire creativity

Joyce N, 2004

Stata Building at
MIT
Interior

Joyce N, 2004

Gensler, These Four Walls, Real British Office Report, 20

Key Factors in a Good Working

Environment

Gensler, These Four Walls, Real British Office Report,

Gensler, These Four Walls, Real British Office Report, 2005

Life Costs and Value Ratios

Design & Construction

(X)

Facilities Management

(Y)

Utilisation

(Z)

Z >> Y > X
e.g.

80 : 8 : 1
Wu & Clements-Croome, 2004

Improving the Quality of the Built Environment will Reduce the

CBPD/ABSIC BIDS 2005

Life Cycle Costs of Business

$5,300 Turnover
$765 (1.7%) Absenteeism

$244 Lower Respiratory

$101 Asthma
$95 Allergies
$92 Back Pain
$73 Headaches
$68 Cold
$17 MSD
$19 Throat Irritation
$18 Eye Irritation
$18 Sinus Conditions

$45,000
Salary

Potential Benefits of Quality

Buildings

Worktime
Loss

$5,000 Health

$18,500
Benefits

12.5%
Productivity

$226 Interior Systems

$70 Utility Central Systems
$62 Roads and Grounds
$36 External Building
$73 Process and Environmental Systems

$1,000 Connectivity
(Forrester Group)

$10,000
Technology
$3,200
Rent/Mortgage

$450
Energy

$412
FM

$200
Churn

Loftness, 2006, Healthy Buildings, Lisb

Ideas for Progress

Bedzed Energy
Development

Gasified wood technology

provides heat and electricity
to the entire site with zero
net CO2 emissions

How the Zed system Works

PV Invertors

Photovoltaic/Thermal
Solar Array

225 kW Wind Turbine

Crop Store

Exhaust Air

1500 m3
Water
Heat Sink

Integrated
Renewable
Energy at
Beaufort
Court

Biomass Crop
(Miscanthus)

Irrigation
Renewable Energy Centre

Crop Shedder

Electrical Import/Export Meters

80m Deep
Borehole in Chalk
Aquifer for Cooling

Fr
es
h
Ai
r

Wood Fuel (Miscanthus)

Boilers and Gas Fired Backup
Boilers

Max Fordham and Partners

Lewis, The Times, 26 Jan 06

Projected Commercialization of Fuel

Cells

Image: Courtesy of Rolls Royce Fuel Cell Systems

Fuel Cells for Offices, BCO Guide April 20

How to adapt a 1960s office block to the

UK's changing climate?
Use double glazing
Increase fabric insulation and air
tightness
Use solar shading
Expose the thermal mass in concrete
floor slabs
Use automatically controllable
mechanical ventilation via an
underfloor airsupply system
Use nighttime cooling in summer
Reclaim heat from the exhaust air in
winter
Use water-chilled beams when
temperatures go above 25C

Bennett, Building Design, Oct 05, Issue 1

Nanotechnology

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a

smooth surface may be used as an antiadhesive coating for windows or
spectacle lenses

Annabelle Hett, Small matter many unknowns, Ingenia, march 2005,

issue 22,

Scanning electron micrograph of nanospheres filling one of the tiny

holes that cause sensitive teeth (Leeds University)
Reid, Institude of Physics, Interactions, Oct 2005

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that
make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications. They exhibit
extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient
conductors of heat.

Embedded Sensors in
Buildings, Equipment and
Clothing

Occupants lifestyle affect

energy consumption
Embedded sensors help
occupants to save money and
society save energy

Maslows Hierarchy of
Needs
Self actualisation
Creativity
Autonomy
Responsibility

Esteem
Social

Safety

Feedback
Rewards

Subjective Sense
diary

Good relationships
Open communication
Safe working conditions
Physical

Physiological

Good working conditions

Embedded
Sensors

Systems Performance and

Human Reaction
People

Building and Environmental Systems

Objective Data

Physiological

Comparator
Profiling Differences

Facilities Management Systems

Judgement
(Sense diary)

BSN architecture with wirelessly linked context-aware on

body (external) sensors and integration with home,
working, and hospital environments.

Body Sensor Network Connected

to Hospital Network

Bielikov, 2002

Mobile Body Sensor Network

Connected to Ambient Sensor
Network

Design
Data Sources:
1. Data Loggers (measure environmental
conditions and equipment status)
2. Body Media Sensors (measure physiological
status of people)
3. Activity Logs (record of interactions with
environmental controls and workstations)
4. People Counter (count people entering and
leaving the space)

Sensing physiological response may provide

a link between physical and emotional data

Body Media software allows you to examine a wide variety of measured and
derived data. Data can be exported in Excel format.
BodyMedia SenseWear
Accelerometer: 2-axis micro-electro-mechanical sensor (MEMS) device
that measures motion.
The heat flux sensor in the armband measures the amount of heat being
dissipated by the body.
Skin temperature is measured using a thermistor-based sensor located on
the backside of the armband near its edges and in contact with the skin.
The near-body ambient temperature sensor is thermistor-based and
directly reflects the change in environmental conditions around the armband;
for example, walking out of an air-conditioned building on a hot day.
Galvanic skin response (GSR) represents electrical conductivity between
two points on the wearer's arm. Skin conductivity is affected by the sweat
and emotional stimuli. GSR can also be an indicator of evaporative heat
loss.

TM

Armband Sensors
Accelerometer
Heartbeat receiver
Heat flux sensor
Near body ambient
temp (on side)
GSR sensor

Skin temp sensor

Objectives

To identify the behaviour patterns

associated with the use of the building
fabric

To establish a relationship between the

behaviour patterns and the
consumption of energy

To develop an intelligent sensor system

Evaluation of Environmental Conditions by Occupa

Sense Mode

Room condition

Time, and date record

The actual room condition

Programming Automatic
Automatic Manual

Day of the week

10:38

24 C
o

AIR QUALITY

LIGHT

SOUND

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

AUTOMATIC

TEMPERATURE

DAY

LIGHT

HOUR

SOUND

MINUTES

To select the
automatic mode

22 C

TEMPERATURE

For setting the

time and date

AIR QUALITY

Touch display

Touch sense mode for

recording judgement

Sense DiaryClements-Croome, Inaugural Lecture 1

Goal

Sense Diary

Sensor Network

HVAC, power meters

People:
facilities
manager etc
po
lic
y

Agent System

Sensor
input

environment
data

pr
ef
er
en
ce
s

occupancy
data

People:
occupants

Agent System

settings

Actuator
control

Intelligent Homes

Eleksen, 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion , Dec 2004

CLOTHING IN 2020?
Embedded

computing within textiles

Clothes that read-out body processes
Clothes that talk
The end of washing and ironing?

Greenfield, 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion

Guardian 18.9.2004

Smart sneakers
Adidas has teamed up with Vectrasense, a
tech company attached to the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, to develop the
world's first intelligent trainers. The trainer
uses an electronics system developed by
Motorola to sense the wearer's activity
level and automatically inflate and deflate air
Bladders to support and cushion feet
accordingly. A small in-shoe computer
controls a battery-operated sensor that
decides whether the cushioning is too soft or
firm. A motor-driven cable system makes the
adjustments to adapt the shoe to the runner's
style and to the conditions, for instance
adapting between running on grass and on
concrete.

Guardian 9.10.20

Using Electrical Energy of Human B

Times, July 14, p.40, World News, 20

Meeting the Challenges

Processes, Products (Systems), People

Integration
Whole Life Value
Cross-Sectoral Learning
Design for Sustainable Healthy Environments
Consider Environmental, Economic and Social
Values
Use Innovation as an Enabler
Use of Embedded Sensor Technology
Building Services Engineers become ArchitectEngineers

DELIVERING
SUSTAINABILITY

Keep all energy options open

Ensure the necessary investment
in energy infrastructure
Adopt a pragmatic approach to
market reform
Place priority on the measures
needed to ensure reliability of
supply
Promote regional integration of
energy supply systems
Exploit the "win-win"
opportunities of
emerging climate change
responses
Ensure technical innovation
Foster and sustain public
understanding and trust

World Energy Council 2005

INTELLIGENT
HEALTHY
SUSTAINABLE
BUILDINGS
Bed-Zed Sustainable Housing Development

Swiss R Headquarters London

30 ST MARY AXE ARCHITECTURAL

MASSING
First class office building
Involvement with the planners
Create a public plaza
Cylindrical tower concept
Slimming profile at base
More daylight to public plaza
Tapers at the top
London skyline symmetry
Maximise the view for
surrounding buildings
Cigar shape (gherkin, bullet, air
ship)
500,000ft nett.

T. Abbas, Hilson Moran, MSc IB Lecture Notes

30 ST MARY AXE ENVIRONMENTAL

DESIGN BRIEF
Environmentally progressive
design
Low energy/low carbon emission
targets
50W/m2 casual load
Consider occupant comfort and
well being

Mixed mode ventilation

Utilises natural ventilation
Uses air conditioning for peak
periods only

T. Abbas, Hilson Moran, MSc IB Lecture Notes

30 ST MARY AXE TYPICAL FLOOR ENV.

CONCEPTS
Natural
Ventilatio
n

Solar Protection

Daylight Optimisation

Views Out

PM

AM

T. Abbas, Hilson Moran, MSc IB Lecture Notes

30 ST MARY AXE FAADE DESIGN

Blinds intelligently
automatically controlled by
BMS

40.0
39.0
38.0
37.0
36.0
35.0
34.0
33.0
32.0
31.0
30.0
29.0
28.0
27.0
26.0
25.0
24.0
23.0
22.0
21.0
20.0

30 l/s/m
Extract
Rate
Temp C
45
40
35
30
25

60 l/s/m
Extract
Rate

20

Predicted
performance:
85% solar protection
50% light
transmission
0.8 W/m2K thermal
insulation
Fresh
air left
over

T. Abbas, Hilson Moran, MSc IB Lecture Notes

Frank Gehry
Walt Disney Concert Hall LA

Frank Gehry
Gugenheim Museum Bilbao

Hong Kong

Europe

China/ Singapore

U
S
A

Burj Al Arab
7 Star Hotel
Sheth
Tower
Iris Bay
Dubai
Courtesy: Atkins

Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia

Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia

Renzo Piano, 1998

The J.M Tjibaou Cultural Center (Museum of Noumea) designed by Renzo Piano
(Winner of 1998 Pritzker prize), is a harmonious alliance of modern and traditional
Kanak architecture. Traditional thatch huts, native to the Kanak people, inspired
the design.
Piano learnt from local culture, buildings and nature. Tall thin curved laminated
iroko wood ribbed structures supported by steel ties resist cyclones and
earthquakes. The ribs have horizontal slats which allow passive environmental
control to occur. The slats open and close according to wind strength and direction
and admit air to a cavity which is linked to the glazed faade of the museum.

Louvres for interior environment control are mounted in the

glass facade of the low-rise volume.

Melet 1999

section
Melet 1999

Louvres for interior environment control are mounted

Sabina Kuc
in the glass facade of the low-rise volume.

Urban Form and Sustainability

Urban forms (e.g. urban villages,
urban renaissance & regeneration,
intensification, compact city etc.)

claimed to be:

are

spatially sustainable
environmentally sound
efficient for transport
socially beneficial
economically viable
Jenks 2003

Making a Difference
Reusing urban land

Shift to public transport,

cycling & walking
Reclaiming the
streets

Participation

Social vitality
Human scale development
Economic viability

Sustainable urban forms

Jenks 2003

Dongtans main features

Ecological Management
(wetlands/ Wildlife) - only 30% will be built
Sustainability- Self supporting food, energy from renewables,
Energy wind turbines, bio cells recycling organic materials
Recycling NO landfill of waste, human sewage will be processed
Buildings Labour will be sourced locally, good public transport, green roofs,
compacts city
Transport cycle paths, pedestrian routes solar powered water taxis

Good design may initially cost a little

more in time and thought, although not
necessarily in money. But the end
result
is more pleasing to the eye and more
efficient, costs less to maintain and
is kinder to the environment.
Hansard Lord Rea,
House of Lords,