1

UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA
SANTIAGO DE GUAYAQUIL

INTERNATIONAL
TRADE TECHNIQUES
BY: ING.VICENTE ARMIJOS E.M.B.A.
ING.VICENTE ARMIJOS MSC

ESTRUCTURA DEL SYLABUS

SON 4 UNIDADES :

UNIDAD I
INTRODUCCION AL COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL
EL COMERECIO INTERNACIONAL EN PERSPECTIVA

UNIDAD II
PRINCIPIOS BASICOS DE LA IMPORTACION Y EXPORTACION

UNIDAD III

NOMENCLATURA ARANCELARIA
INCOTERMS 2010

UNIDAD IV

LOS OPERADORES DEL COMERCIO EXTERIOR

COPCI CODIGO ORGANICO CAMBIO DE LA MATRIZ
PROCESOS DE IMPORTACION Y EXPORTACION
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FINAL WORK (TUTORIA)

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HOY EN DIA TODO ESTA

CAMBIANDO EN EL MUNDO QUE
CREIAMOS CONOCER, LAS
TRADICIONALES FRONTERAS
ENTRE SECTORES ECONOMICOS
SE ESTAN HACIENDO BORROSAS
Y LAS VIEJAS REGLAS DE LA
ADMINISTRACION YA NO TIENEN
SENTIDO .....
Tomado del libro Repensando el
Futuro, escrito por los mejores gurus
de la adminstracion siglo XXI
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Observaciones de Carlos Fortn, Funcionario

Encargado de la UNCTAD.

El comercio para el desarrollo es la

razn de ser y la vocacin de la
UNCTAD. El comercio puede ser una
palanca fundamental para acelerar el
crecimiento, potenciar el desarrollo
humano y luchar contra la pobreza en
los pases en desarrollo.

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VIDEO PARA
INSPIRAME EN LA
TUTORIA FINAL
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=4bziqCkyF4A

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ORIGINS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE

THE AUTHARQY
Self enough of the Economy.
THE EXCHANGE
The power and the desire of grow and develop of
many groups, localized in different regions of the
world push hard. They are the beginners of the trade
they found the Foreign trade
THE FENICIOUS (CENTURY XXVII BC)
They develop the sea transportations to carry
merchandise and give it an added value.
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LOS FENICIOS

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ORIGINS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE

MERCANTILISM.
LIBERALISM.
NEOLIBERALISM

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ORIGINS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE

THE TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT
The merchandisers come up (facilitators;
Intermediaries, Traders).
The land transportation come up, (The Roller)
THE FEUDALISM
The International commerce develop in a
modest way since the finish of the Feudalism.
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MERCANTILISM
It occurs since 1500 1800 AC.
The actual thoughts are based in the old
mercantilism
The wealth of a nation is possible to measure by
the GOLD inventories inside of a country.
This theory said that the nations should export
more and import the less.
To reach the commercial surplus gives us stability
mainly to the turn governments .
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MERCANTILISM
The exports were subsidized
The import products were restricted (tariffs).
The over seas and colonies regions have a chance
to develop in just one way, to generate row material
and to have back final products.
The monopoly generate undeveloped of these
regions, only they have the chance to buy but not to
produce added value products.
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THE LIBERALISM

It was born in the century XVIII XIX

The Liberalism is based on the Individual freedom
The Person is the source of its moral values.
Thus, the Commerce process develop in between two or more
individuals, so this mechanism has the power of efficiency to
generate common welfare.
The public policy should have a limit, minimum actions regarding
protection of the collectiveness, such as: The justice, the social
security, the protection of the freedom.
The Interchange between nations will generate more wealthy, an
at in the other hand will remedy the political tensions and the war.
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THE LIBERALISM

At the end of the XIX Century this policy became weak, due to the socialism an
communism ideas which become strongest.
A protection of the liberalism state was generated .
Some failures related to the economy, political and social issues were the
detonator.

The Keynesian Revolution (John Maynard Keynes 1883-1946)The book

General Theory of the money, interest and the work, Teora General de la
Ocupacin, el inters y el Dinero
The Welfare State, a group of public actions to assure the citizens the minimum
basic services access.
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ORIGINS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The develop of the Technology of those days,
became a manually production to pass a
machinery based production. So production
was mainly focused in the agricultural fields.
This new way of producing begins to generate
excess of goods. On that time was born the
EXPORTS, It was a mechanism to allocate the
production excess.
As well ,the Capitalism was born, this system
helps to develop more and moreING.VICENTE
the I.T.
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Production Excess
An excess of production three alternatives generate :
1. The productions stop.
Growing less, Economic decrease, Unemployment.
2. Reduction in price to push the demand. Negative for
producers, Market saturation.
3. Looking for foreign markets to allocate the Exceeds.
Export Import.
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TO EXPORT
To develop the markets.
To energize the economy
To Generate Growth.
ADAM SMITH:
The wealth of the nations world wide is based in the
International Commerce La riqueza de las
Naciones esta basada en el COMERCIO
INTERNACIONAL
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ORIGENES DEL COMERCIO

INTERNACIONAL
THE BEGINING OF THE NEOLIBERALISM

The governments should apply economic politics to assure and guarantee the
employee.
To stimulate the process of growing up in the market based economies.
To assure the low incomes population, the access to the education, health and
house.
The Keynesian Theory was present upon the seventies, because it was an
excessive state intervention generate.
It misunderstood many problems such as : Inflation, unemployment, and a non
order economic growth.
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MAIN IDEAS OF THE NEOLIBERALISM

The believe of the State intervention usually generate

malfunction and in the other hand the Free Market did a better
job,( the invisible hand) Adam Smith.
The free interchange of goods and services between citizens could
satisfy needs more efficiently than the state made.
The Neoliberalism Theory said that a motivation should come up,
from the state, in order to be flexible in the free competence policy,
trying to eliminate all the restrictions and barriers.
The Free Interchange Theory is positive, because only by this way
we could build a Big Market and maybe became the world as
ONE only market.
The countries could be competitive by their own possibilities.
International Competence.(Open economy, Market aperture)
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INTERNATIONALCOMMERCE

NEWERA.

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ORIGENES DEL COMERCIO

INTERNACIONAL
THE NEOLIBERALISM

Is the PLUS of the Liberalism and accept the state participation

in minimum way.
On the 60s an analytic study of the liberalism and socialist
systems was made, and detected the failures of this stages. The
experts found that the liberalism has coherent ideas mainly in the
INDIVIDUAL concept that gives the economy importance.
The compact ideas of the NEOLIBERALISM are:
1. THE LIMITED INTERVENTION OF THE SATATE.
2. THE FREE MARKET VALUE.
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BEFORE THE SECOND WORLD WAR

A lot Economic troubles were came up :
The countries begin to cut commercial links and
try with this mechanism to avoid any commercial
balance not favorable to them.
July the 1944, one year before final of the
Second World War.
44 countries joint in BRETTON WOODS. What
Happen in B.W.
The FMI was created.
1. To generate equilibrium in the foreign trade international
payment scale and in the Intenational finance.
2. To make fallow up and audit the policy of the economic
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development.
3. To give Loans to the countries which has an economic crisis

BRETTON WOODS

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The International Bank for the reconstruction was

created, now a day called the World BANK.BANCO
MUNDIAL.
The porppouse is to recover the economies of the
belligerent countries.
To help old colonies countries.
To develop in a modern way the third world economy.
CHANGE THE GOLD STANDARD TO THE DLAR
STANDARD.
ALL THE COUNTRIES HAVE THEIR RESERVES IN GOLD.
THEY DECIDE TO FIX THE DLAR AS MASTER CURRENCY OF
THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE.
THEY STABLISHED THE OUNCES OF GOLD AND ARRANGE A
PRICE OF $35 PER GOLD OUNCE. SO THE
COUNTRIES
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COULD HAVE BOTH: RESERVES IN GOLD AND USD (GOLD AND
DOLARS).

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THE DOLLAR OF USA

It was a decision made in a hurry way, which gives the
US dollar, a position never it had in the past, and make
to jump USA strongest to the international context.
The USA dollar, was the KEY currency, since the Post
War.
The International Commerce begins to move forward
with this currency a lot.
Exporters and Importers begin to open accounts in
Dollars.
It was a plan of Strong Economy which tries to show
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USA to the rest of the world.

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CAPITULO II

INTERCAMBIO COMERCIAL
INTERNACIONAL

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GATT (1948)
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND
TRADE.
The need of a new Economic Model.
To Create: RULES, PARAMETERS AND
PROCEDURES .To reach a benefit in the
commercial word wide process.
Equity in the International Commerce
transactions.
To Develop politics to reach International
markets in equilibrium.
WTO

OMC

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RONDAS DEL GATT

Number

Sede

Fecha

Ginebra

1947

II

Annecy

1949

III

Torquay

1950-1951

IV

Ginebra

1955-1956

V "Ronda Dillon"

Ginebra

1960-1961

VI "Ronda Kennedy"

Ginebra

1964-1967

VII "Ronda Tokio"

Tokio

1973-1979

Ginebra

1986-1994

antes "Ronda Nixon"

VIII "Ronda Uruguay"

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INTERNACIONALIZACION DE
LAS ECONOMIAS.

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INTERNATIONAL INTERCHANGE
INTERNATIONALIZATION.
INTERNATIONALIZATION
PROTECCIONISM

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
ECONOMIC APERTURE

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INTERNATIONAL INTERCHANGE
INTERNACIONALIZATION
Is a procces of expansion which implicates the movements
of capital from one country to an other with the objective
to generate commercial and financial relationship.

The map shows how USA, JAPON, and Europe,

improves in a big scale in the process of export.
Latin-America, China and Africa was delay.
It generates problems in the economy.....
The protectionist IDEAS come up again.
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INTERNATIONAL INTERCHANGE
MAIN IDEAS OF THE INTERNATIONALIZATION .
1. Each country specialize in products in which they has a major
efficiency power, It allows to maximize their productive resources
and to create a welfare in their workers. (DAVID RICARDO).
2. The prices have a tendency to stability.
3. Make possible that a country imports only those goods which
internal capacity of production do not full fill the demand and maybe
the local production dont be enough.
4. Make possible the offer of products from abroad countries to other
countries which exceed the consume (Exports) .
5. Make possible equilibrium between excess and lack.
6. The input and output movements brings a scale in the international
market.
7. By the payment scale we could see what kind of international
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MSC
transactions make by the residents of one country
in aARMIJOS
period
of
time given(one year)

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INTERCAMBIO COMERCIAL INTERNACIONAL

THE PROTECCIONISM

Is a process to reduce the competition in a market of

one product that come from abroad. (To protect
Local producer).
The mechanism used in the TARIFFS OR TAXES
(ARANCELES ).
ASSURE the sell of the local productions.
The tariffs do not apply to local production.
Why? Because local productions make the PIB.
PIB, The sum of Local production inside of a country
in one year period.
Multinational made movements to local markets to
block the Tariffs.
Multinational: International companies
which
has
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ARMIJOS
MSC
presence in many countries and make production,
commerce and services operations.

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INTERCAMBIO COMERCIAL INTERNACIONAL

Los Aranceles (THE TARIFFS)
The Tariffs are barriers of taxes: The Government decide a Tariff
percentage, looking forward a movement in price up of the imported
product, so the demand of this product maybe reduce.

Barriers Types:
1* Tariffs Barriers.- Rights (Ad valorem) Surplus, Taxes to Special
consumption, Safeguard Taxes. Special Quotes.

2* No Tariffs Barriers (NO Arancelarias).- Administrative

Barriers , there are many , like burocracy , misunderstanding in the customs,
Sanitary rules, Quality certifications, Special Standards , many operative
process wich behind the nationalization of a product in one country.

3*Auto-restrictions.-are the fashion Barriers , it is a sophisticated

barrier , now a days apply only by the USA and Japan, in virtue of the
decisiohn taken, the seller country make a cut offING.VICENTE
or reduceARMIJOS
voluntee
MSC the
quantity of products wich are exporting to USA.

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INTEGRACION INTERNACIONAL
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
Is a process through the neighbor countries in similar
Geographic areas conform geo-economic zones for
the free trade, when the barriers and no barriers try
to fell down to commerce benefit.

A wide market is created for a mutual negotiations

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INTEGRACION INTERNACIONAL
FREETRADE

TOTAL ECONOMIC
INTEGRATION

ZONE

CUSTOM UNION

ECONOMIC UNION

COMMON MARKET

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INTEGRACION INTERNACIONAL
FREETRADE
ZONE

REDUCTIONOFTHETAXESAND
COMPROMISETOMOVEFORWARDTHE
TOTALELIMINATIONOFTHETARIFFSTO
THEFOREINGTRADE,ASWELLTHE
REDUCTIONOFNOTARIFFSBARRIERS.

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INTEGRACION INTERNACIONAL
CUSTOM UNION

TOTALELIMINATIONOFTHETAXESOF
EXPORTANDTHENONTAXABLEBARRIERS,
ADMINISTRATIVEBARRIERS.
ADOPTIONOFACOMMONTARIFFTODEAL
WITHCOUNTRIESNOPARTOFTHEUNION.
(THREEPARTYCOUNTRIES)
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INTEGRACION INTERNACIONAL

COMMON MARKET

PRIORTOTHECOMITMENTSINTHECUSTOM
UNION.
FREECIRCULATIONOFPEOPLE,SERVICESAND
CAPITALS.
UNIFYOFNATIONALPOLITICS,TOSUPPORT
SUCHMOVEMENTS.
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INTEGRACION INTERNACIONAL

ECONOMIC UNION

PRIORTOTHECOMITMENTSAGREEDINTHE
COMONMARKETPROCCES.
ECONOMICANDSOCIALPOLICYMANAGED
WITHHARMONY:MONETARYANDFISCAL
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INTEGRACION INTERNACIONAL

TOTAL INTEGRATION

PRIORTOTHECOMMITMNETSAGREEDIN
THEEUROPEANUNION.
ASUPRANATIONALAUTHORITYOVERDE
REGIONALONE.
TOMANAGETHERELATIONSHIPWITHTHE
THIRDPARTYCOUNTRIES.
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INTEGRACION INTERNACIONAL
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION EXAMPLES

IN AMERICA
NAFTA. (Canad, USA, Mxico)
CARICOM.(Paises del Caribe)
MCCA.(Paises Centro Amrica)
CAN(Comunidad Andina de Naciones)
MERCOSUR.(pases del Sur Rivera Atlantica)
La Asociacin LatinoAmericana de Integracin (ALADI).
EL ALCA.
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INTEGRACION INTERNACIONAL

IN EUROPE
LA UNION EUROPEA
LA ASOCIACION EUROPEA DE LIBRE COMERCIO
IN ASIA
ASEAN (ASOCIACION DE NACIONES DEL ASIA SUDORIENTAL.)
APEC (ASIA PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION)
IN AFRICA
COMESA (MERCADO COMUN DE AFRICA ORIENTAL Y
MERIDIONAL).

IN OCEANIA
SPARTECA (ACUERDO REGIONAL DE COOPERACION COMERCIAL Y
ECONOMICA EN EL PACIFICO SUR.

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INTEGRACION INTERNACIONAL
MARKET APERTURE
Is a PROCESS, of the Neoliberalism, throw the countries
reduce the tariffs barriers to facilitate the internationalization
of its own economy and for to be ready to be globalizes.

Permits free entrance of capital and products.

There is a Process of Reciprocity in the trade.
The country that allows the entrance of foreign products d
as well to sell more over seas.
Firm relations ship could be stronger with the other
countries due to the success of commercial interchange.
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GLOBALIZACION
Es un FENOMENO, a travs del cual , las relaciones
econmicas estn estrechamente vinculadas en todo el
mundo.

La idea general es optimizar la produccin buscando la

competitividad.
Reduccin de Costos en los procesos productivos.
Internacionalizacin en las relaciones de las estructuras
productivas capitalistas.
Beneficios o perjuicios de una zona econmica tienen impacto
en las dems regiones.
regiones.
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GLOBALIZACION
Global: es el termino mundial como una designacin neutral.
Internacional, se aplica a cualquier cosa que tenga que ver
con negocios fuera del pas de origen; una estrategia
multilocal trata a la competencia en cada pas o regin
aisladamente, mientras que la global enfoca a los pases y las
regiones conjuntamente en forma integrada.
+++++++++++++++
La globalizacin agrega un proceso de creciente
internacionalizacin del capital financiero, industrial y
comercial, nuevas relaciones polticas internacionales y el
surgimiento de nuevos procesos productivos,
distributivos y de consumo deslocalizados
geogrficamente, una expansin y uso intensivo de la
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tecnologa sin precedentes.

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GLOBALIZACION
Una industria es global en el grado en que haya
conexiones entre pases. Una Estrategia es Global en el
grado en que est integrada entre diversos pases.

El aumento de la competencia extranjera es por si

mismo una razn del por que los negocios se
globalizan, a fin de adquirir tamao y destrezas que les
permitan competir mas eficazmente
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GLOBALIZACION
UNA ACERTADA ESTRATEGIA GLOBAL:
Esta consta de 3 componentes distintos:
1) Desarrolla la estrategia bsica, que es la base para
una ventaja estratgica sostenible.
2) Internacionaliza la estrategia bsica, mediante la
expansin internacional de actividades y adaptacin
de la estrategia bsica.
3) Globalizar la estrategia internacional integrando la
estrategia para todos losING.VICENTE
pases.
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