CDMA2000 1x Key TechnologyPower Control

ZTE University
CDMA BSS T&D Team

Objective

Know the principles of power control.

Know the meanings of related parameters.
Know how to modify the power control parameters
in various radio environments.

Content

Power Control Introduction

Power Control Classification

Power Control Technology

Terrestrial mobile communication is involved in a

complicated communication environment.

Multiple MSs and channels result in problems, such as cofrequency, self-interference and far-and-near effect.
Complex terrains and propagation environments result in multipath fading and shadow effect.
Limited frequency resources conflict with the increasing number
of users.

The power control technology is the core of the CDMA

key technology.

The self-interference system based on the user number affects

communication quality and system capacity.
It provides other characteristics such as soft capacity and cell
breath.

CDMA Power Control Introduction

Function
Overcome the farand-near effect and
shadow effect.
According to various
user requirements,
provide the proper
transmission power.
Enhance the system
capacity.

Purpose
Under

the
precondition of
guaranteeing
the call quality,
reduce
transmission
power and
interinterference.

Meaning
Guarantee

the

call quality.
Enhance the
system capacity.
Decrease the
transmission
power of the MS.

Content

Power Control Introduction

Power Control Classification

CDMA Power Control Classification

The CDMA power control includes the reverse power

control and forward power control.
Reverse power control: The transmission power of the
MS is the controlled object and the BS plays an auxiliary
role.

Open-loop power control

Closed-loop power control
Outer-loop power control

Forward power control: The transmission power of the

BS is the controlled object and the MS plays an auxiliary
role.

95 power control
1x power control

Reverse Open-loop Power Control

Purpose: Eliminates propagation loss and shadow fading in free space (the
forward purpose is the same as the reverse purpose).
Feature: It is a simple, direct, low-rate and rough control. It does not need
control information exchange between the MS and BS.
Existing problems:

The forward and reverse are assumed as the completely same path loss, which
does not reflect the asymmetrical path loss.
Initial judgment is based on the received total signal power. Therefore, that the
MS receives the power from other BSs results in an inaccurate judgment.

Handset Initial transmission power (dbm) = - Handset receiving power

(dbm) - Offset power+ Nominal transmission power offset (NOM_PWR)+
Initial power offset of access (INIT_PWR)+ Interference collection factor

Reverse open-loop
power control

Reverse Closed-loop Power Control

or

Reverse closed-loop
power control

Eb/Nt
Measurement

Eb/No threshold
value

Purpose: Makes up the loss that is not eliminated and is independent

from the forward link, and realize accurate power control.
Control mechanism: The BS detects the SNR Eb/Nt from the MS and
compares it with the threshold Eb/N0 to generate the power control bit
for the MS. 0 indicates to increase power while 1 indicates to decrease
power.
Transmit 800 times per second (that is, update once per 1.25ms).
Each command needs the MS to add or reduce a step of transmission
power.

Reverse Outer-loop Power Control

Reverse closed-loop
power control

o
r

Reverse outer-loop
power control

Eb/Nt
Measurement

Eb/No threshold
value

BSC
Frame
quality

Combining the FER that directly affects the voice quality with the SNR of the reverse
closed-loop power, adjust the threshold Eb/E0 at real time according to change of the
frame quality.

This function is performed on the SDU board.

The adjustment speed of reverse outer loop: 20ms, that is, sampling per 50 frame/s.

The vendors do not recommend to modify the algorithm

parameters of the outer-loop power control. Users learn the
contents of this part by themselves.

Forward Power Control

Based on the feedback information from the MS, the forward power
control helps the MS to control the power of the assigned forward
traffic channel. In this way, reduce the total forward transmission
power of the sector, and avoid handoff failure to the sector or failure
of new users access due to a shortage of the forward power.
The forward power control includes 95 power control and 1x power
control.
The forward overhead channels (including pilot, synchronization and
paging) do not need power control.
Forward traffic channel

or

95 System Forward Power Control

Adjust Fwd.
Power

BSC

FER

Forward link power control

The BSC slowly decreases the power of each MS.

With increase of FER (measured by the MS), the MS sends the Power
Measurement Report Message (PMRM) to require to add the power of the
forward traffic channel.

According to the FFER reported by the PMRM message, the BSC adjusts the
sector to properly assigning the power of forward traffic channel to the MS.

95 System Forward Power Control

The control speed is slow and the period is 20ms to 2s.

Two control modes are available, respectively concentration (BSC)

and distribution (BTS).

RC1: By the PMRM, the MS reports the PMRs of traffic channels.

The threshold report mode and periodical report mode are available.

RC2:The MS uses EIB to indicate the state (good or bad) of the

forward link frame and sends this value to the BS through the
reverse link.
Because now the IS95 system has exit the market, the detailed
contents of this part are omitted.

Overview of 1x System Forward Power Control

It is compatible with the power control of the IS95 system.

It adds the speedy forward power control (including the inner-loop power
control and outer-loop power control).
It adds the power control for other code-division channels.
It introduces the problem of the SCH power control.
In the soft handoff process of RC3 ~ RC5 forward link, it complies with the
synchronization mechanism of the forward transmission power between
BSs.
The BSC is not required to participate in the whole process.
It is similar to the power control of the reverse closed loop.

Forward link power control

Eb/No
or

1x System Forward Inner-loop Power Control

The MS performs the following operations:

Each PCG measures the received Eb/Nt on the F-FCH and FSCH channels that are supervised per 1.25ms (speedy power
control).
Compares the Eb/Nt measured by the PCG with the nominal
value (Eb/N0) obtained by the forward outer-loop power control
algorithm, and makes a power control decision.
Transmits the power control bit through the reverse power
subchannel of the reverse pilot channel.

The BS performs the following operations:

Obtains the power control bit.

According to the corresponding power control step and the upper
and lower limits of the channel power, the CSM6700 chip
automatically realizes adjustment of the forward transmission
power for various PCGs.

Course Review

Reverse open-loop
power control
or

Reverse closed-loop
power control

FER

Signal Strength
Measurement

BSC

Reverse outer-loop
Threshold Eb/Nt power controlFER

Adjust Fwd.
Power

Forward link
power control

All types of power control collectively work. In this way, the

power consumption of the MS decreases to the minimum and
the whole capacity of the system increases.