OSI (Open Systems

Interconnection).

MVGRCOE

Tasks involved in sending letter

MVGRCOE

Layers of OSI MODEL

MVGRCOE

Open source interconnection(OSI)

The seven layers can be thought of as
belonging to three sub groups Network
Support Layers (Layers 4-7)
Deal with the physical aspects of moving
data from one device to another User
Support Layers (Layers 1-3)
Allow interoperability among unrelated
software systems
Layer-4 ensures end to end reliable data
transmission
MVGRCOE

Why Layering?
Layering simplifies design, implementation,
and testing by partitioning overall
communications process into parts
Protocol in each layer can be designed
separately from those in other layers
Protocol makes calls for services from layer
below
Layering provides flexibility for modifying and
evolving protocols and services without
having to change layers below
Monolithic non-layered architectures are
costly, inflexible, and soon obsolete

Open Systems
Interconnection
Network architecture:

Definition of all the layers

Design of protocols for every layer
By the 1970s every computer vendor had
developed its own proprietary layered
network architecture
Problem: computers from different vendors
could not be networked together
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) was an
international effort by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) to
enable multivendor computer interconnection

OSI Reference Model

Describes a seven-layer abstract reference
model for a network architecture
Purpose of the reference model was to
provide a framework for the development of
protocols
OSI also provided a unified view of layers,
protocols, and services which is still in use in
the development of new protocols
Detailed standards were developed for each
layer, but most of these are not in use
TCP/IP protocols preempted deployment of
OSI protocols

7-Layer OSI Reference

Model
Application
Application
End-to-End Protocols
Application
Layer
Presentation
Layer
Session
Layer
Transport
Layer
Network
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer

Network
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer

Network
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer

Communicating End Systems

Application
Layer
Presentation
Layer
Session
Layer
Transport
Layer
Network
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer

One or More Network Nodes

Physical Layer
Transfers bits across link
Definition & specification of the physical
aspects of a communications link
Mechanical: cable, plugs, pins...
Electrical/optical: modulation, signal strength,
voltage levels, bit times,
functional/procedural: how to activate,
maintain, and deactivate physical links

Ethernet, DSL, cable modem, telephone

modems
Twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable optical
fiber, radio, infrared,

Data Link Layer

Transfers frames across direct connections

Groups bits into frames
Detection of bit errors; Retransmission of frames
Activation, maintenance, & deactivation of data
link connections
Medium access control for local area networks
Flow control
Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer

frames
bits

Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer

Network Layer
Transfers packets across multiple links
and/or multiple networks
Addressing must scale to large networks
Nodes jointly execute routing algorithm to
determine paths across the network
Forwarding transfers packet across a node
Congestion control to deal with traffic surges
Connection setup, maintenance, and
teardown

 Internetworking is part of network layer and

provides transfer of packets across multiple
possibly dissimilar networks
Gateways (routers) direct packets across
networks

Internetworking
Ethernet LAN

ATM
Network

ATM
Switch

ATM
HSwitch
ATM
Switch

H
G

Net
Net 11

Net 2

Net
Net 3
3
G

G=
gateway H
= host

ATM
Switch

Net55
Net
G

Net 4

Transport Layer
Transfers data end-to-end from process in a
machine to process in another machine
Reliable stream transfer or quick-and-simple
single-block transfer
Port numbers enable multiplexing
Message segmentation and reassembly
Connection setup, maintenance, and release
Transport
Layer
Network
Layer

Transport
Layer
Network
Layer

Network
Layer

Communication Network

Network
Layer

Session layer
First of the three user support layers
It is the network dialog controller
It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes
the interaction between communicating
systems
It allows the communication between two
processes to take place either in half-duplex
or full-duplex
Allows a process to add checkpoints
(synchronisation points) into a stream of data
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15

Presentation layer
Second of the three user support layers
Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information exchanged between two systems
At sender end, changes the information from
sender dependent format into a common format
At the receiving end, changes the information from
common format into its receiver dependent format
Responsible for encryption and decryption of
sensitive information
Responsible for data compression of the data to be
transmitted
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16

Application layer
Specific services provided by the application layer include
Network Virtual terminal
Software version of a physical terminal
Allows user to log on to a remote host
File Transfer, Access and Management
Allows user to access, retrieve, manage and control files
in a remote computer
Mail Services
Provides basis for e-mail forwarding and storage
Directory Services
Provides distributed database sources and access for
global information about various services
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Application & Upper Layers

Application Layer: Provides
services that are frequently
required by applications:
DNS, web acess, file transfer,
email
Presentation Layer:
machine-independent
representation of data
Session Layer: provides the
mechanism for opening,
closing and managing a
session between end-user
used and usually
application Rarely
processes.

Application
Application
Application
Application
Layer
Layer
Presentation
Transport
Layer
Layer
Session
Layer
Transport
Layer

incorporated into application

layer

Headers & Trailers

Each protocol uses a header that carries addresses,
sequence numbers, flag bits, length indicators, etc
CRC check bits may be appended for error detection
Application

Application

APP DATA

Application
Layer

AH APP DATA

Application
Layer

Transport
Layer

TH AH APP DATA

Transport
Layer

Network
Layer

NH TH AH APP DATA

Network
Layer

Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer

DH NH TH AH APP DATA CRC

bits

Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer