Finite Control Volume Analysis

Application of Reynolds Transport Theorem

CEE 331
24 de agosto de
2015
Monroe L. Weber-Shirk

School of Civil and

Environmental Engineering

Moving from a System to a

Control Volume

Mass
Linear Momentum
Moment of Momentum
Energy
Putting it all together!

Conservation of Mass
B = Total amount of ____
mass in the system
1
b = ____
mass per unit mass = __
DBsys
Dt

DM sys
Dt

bdV

cv

dV

cv

dA cv equation
bV n
cs

dA But DMsys/Dt = 0!
V n

cs V n dA t

cs

dV

Continuity Equation

cv

mass leaving - mass entering = - rate of increase of mass in cv

Conservation of Mass

cs V ndA t

cs1

If mass in cv
dV is constant 1

cv

V1
n
1dA + r 2 V2
n
2 dA =0 A1

V1

cs2

V n dA r VA =m [M/T]

cs

V n dA

cs

Unit vector n is ______

normal
to surface and pointed
____
out of cv
on
We assumed uniform ___
the control surface

V is the spatially averaged

velocity normal to the cs

Continuity Equation for Constant

Density and Uniform Velocity
V n dA
1

cs1

2 dA 0 Density is constant across cs

V2 n

cs2

1V 1 A1 2 V 2 A2 0
V 1 A1 V 2 A2 Q

V1 A1 V2 A2 Q

Density is the same at cs1 and cs2

[L3/T]
Simple version of the continuity equation
for conditions of constant density. It is
understood that the velocities are either
________
uniform or _______
spatially ________.
averaged

Example: Conservation of Mass?

The flow out of a reservoir is 2 L/s.
The reservoir surface is 5 m x 5 m.
How fast is the reservoir surface
h
dropping?

cs V ndA t cv dV
V
Constant density
cs V n dA t
dV
Qout Qin
Velocity of the reservoir surface
dt
dh
Q
Ares dh

Qout
dt
Ares
dt
Example

Linear Momentum Equation

DBsys
Dt

B mV
DmV

Dt
t

bdV

cv

dA cv equation
bV n
cs

momentum

VdV

cv

F 0

mV
momentum/unit mass
m

dA
V V n

Vectors!

cs

DmV
Steady state
dA
V V n
Dt
cs
This is the ma side of the F = ma equation!

Linear Momentum Equation

DmV
dA
V V n
Dt
cs
DmV
1dA V2 2 V2 n
2 dA
V1 1V1 n
Dt
cs1
cs2

DmV
1V1 A1 V1 2V2 A2 V2
Dt

M1 1V1 A1 V1 Q V1
M 2 2V2 A2 V2 Q V2
Vectors!!!

Assumptions
Uniform density
Uniform velocity
V A
Steady
V fluid velocity
relative to cv

Steady Control Volume Form of

Newtons Second Law
F

D mV
Dt

M1 M 2

What are the forces acting on

the fluid in the control volume?
Gravity
Shear at the solid surfaces
Pressure at the solid surfaces
Pressure on the flow surfaces

F W F

p1

F M

M2

Fp2 Fpwall F wall

Why no shear on control surfaces? No

_______________________________
velocity tangent to control surface

Resultant Force on the Solid

Surfaces
The shear forces on the walls and the pressure
forces on the walls are generally the unknowns
Often the problem is to calculate the total force
exerted by the fluid on the solid surfaces
The magnitude and direction of the force
determines
size of _____________needed
thrust blocks
to keep
pipe in place
force on the vane of a pump or turbine...

F W F

p1

Fp2 Fss

Fss Fpwall F wall

=force applied by solid surfaces

Linear Momentum Equation

F W F

p1

Fp2 Fss

Fp

ma M1 M 2

M2

M1 M 2 W Fp1 Fp2 Fss

Fss

Forces by solid surfaces on fluid

M1
Fp
1

Fss

The momentum vectors

have the same direction
as the velocity vectors
M1 Q V1
M 2 Q V2

Example: Reducing Elbow

2
Reducing elbow in vertical plane with water flow
of 300 L/s. The volume of water in the elbow is 200
1m
L.
1
Energy loss is negligible.
g*volume=-1961
N on the fluid.
M1 M 2 W Fp Fp Fss
Calculate
the force of the elbow
W = ________________________
z
section 1
section 2
0.196
m2
D
50 cm
30 cmm2
0.071
1.53 m/s
4.23 m/s
A ____________
____________
x
?
V ____________ ____________
Direction of V vectors
-459

1270 N
p
150NkPa
____________
?
29,400 N
M ____________
____________
1

Example: What is p2?

V12
p2
V22
z1

z2
1
2g
2
2g
p1

V12 V22
p2 p1 z1 z2

2 g 2 g

p2 150 x 103Pa 9810 N/m 3

P2 = 132 kPa

2
4.23 m/s

2
2 9.8 m/s

1.53 m/s
0 1 m

Fp2 = 9400 N

Example: Reducing Elbow

Horizontal Forces
M1 M 2 W Fp1 Fp2 Fss

Fp

Fss M1 M 2 W Fp1 Fp2

Fssx M 1x M 2 x Wx Fp1x Fp2 x
Fss M 2 Fp
x

M2
1

2x

Fssx 1270 N -9400 N

Fssx 10.7kN

Force of pipe on fluid

Fluid is pushing the pipe to the ______

left

Example: Reducing Elbow

Vertical Forces
Fssz M 1z M 2 z Wz Fp1z Fp2 z
Fssz M 1z Wz Fp1z
Fssz 459N 1, 961N 29,400N

Fp

Fssz 27.9kN 28 kN acting downward on fluid

up
Pipe wants to move _________

M1
z

Example: Fire nozzle

A small fire nozzle is used to create a
powerful jet to reach far into a blaze. Estimate
the force that the water exerts on the fire
nozzle. The pressure at section 1 is 1000 kPa
(gage). Ignore frictional losses in the nozzle.
8 cm

2.5 cm

Fire nozzle: Solution

Identify what you need to know
P2, V1, V2, Q, M1, M2, Fss

Determine what equations you will use

Bernoulli, continuity, momentum

8 cm

1000 kPa

2.5 cm

Find the Velocities

p1
V12 p2
V22
z1

z2

2g
2g
p1 V12 V22

2g 2g
2
2

continuity

D2
V

D
1
2
2

2
1

p1 V
V

2g 2g
4

D2
V
1

p1

2
D1

2
2

V1 D12 V2 D22

V2

2 p1

D2
1

D1

V12

Fire nozzle: Solution

section 1 section 2
D
0.08
0.025 m
A
P
V
Fp
M
Fssx
Q

0.00503
1000000
4.39
5027
-96.8
-4132
22.1

8 cm
1000 kPa

2.5 cm

0.00049 m
Which direction does the
0 Pa
nozzle want to go? ______
44.94 m/s
Is Fssx the force that the
N
firefighters need to brace
against? NO!
____ Moments!
__________
991.2 N
N force applied by nozzle on water
L/s

Fssx M 1x M 2 x Wx Fp1x Fp2 x

Example: Momentum with

Complex Geometry
Find Q2, Q3 and force on the
wedge in a horizontal plane.

Q1 10 L/s

V1 20 m/s

2
cs2
y

Fy 0

1 10

2 130 3 50

1000 kg / m

cs1

1
Q2, Q3, V2, V3, Fx
Unknown: ________________

cs3
3

5 Unknowns: Need 5 Equations

Identify the 5 equations!

Unknowns: Q2, Q3, V2, V3, Fx

Continuity Q1 Q2 Q3
Bernoulli (2x)
p1
V12 p2
V22
z1

z2
1
2g 2
2g

cs2

V1 V2
V1 V3
Momentum (in x and y)

M1 M 2 M 3 W Fp1 Fp2 Fp3 Fss

y
x

cs1
1

cs3

Solve for Q2 and Q3

M1 M 2 M 3 W Fp1 Fp2 Fp3 Fss
Fssy 0 M 1 y M 2 y M 3 y

atmospheric pressure

M1 Q V1

0 Q1V1 sin 1 Q2V2 sin 2 Q3V3 sin 3

V sin Component of velocity in y direction
Q1 Q2 Q3

Mass conservation

V1 V2 V3

Negligible losses apply Bernoulli

Solve for Q2 and Q3

0 Q1V1 sin 1 Q2V2 sin 2 Q3V3 sin 3
0 Q1 sin 1 Q2 sin 2 Q3 sin 3
sin sin f
a
Q Q
a sin sin f
sinaf
10 sina
50f
Q Q
sina
130f sina
50f
2

Eliminate Q3
Q3 Q1 Q2

Q2 6.133 L / s

Why is Q2 greater than Q3?

m 1V1 y m 2V2 y m 3V3 y

Q3 3.867 L / s

Solve for Fssx

Fssx M 1x M 2 x M 3 x
Fssx QV
1 1 cos 1 Q2V1 cos 2 Q3V1 cos 3
Fssx V1 Q1 cos 1 Q2 cos 2 Q3 cos 3
0.01 m3 /s cos 10

Fssx 1000 kg/m3 20 m/s 0.006133 m 3 /s cos 130

0.003867 m3 /s cos 50

Fssx 226 N

Force of wedge on fluid

Vector solution
M 1 M 2 M 3 Fss
M1 Q1V1 200N
M 2 Q2V2 122.66N
M 3 Q3V3 77.34N

Q2 10 L / s
Q2 6.133L / s
Q3 3.867 L / s

Vector Addition
M 1 M 2 M 3 Fss

2
cs2

Fss
M3

M2
M1

x
cs1

1
Where is the line of action of Fss?

cs3
3

Moment of Momentum Equation

DBsys
Dt

bdV

cv

B mr V

dA cv equation
bV n
cs

Moment of momentum

mr V
b
Moment of momentum/unit mass
m
D mr V

dA

r VdV r V V n

Dt
t cv
cs

T r V V n dA
cs

Steady state

Application to Turbomachinery
rVt
Vn
dA
T r V V n

V n dA Q

cs

cs

Vn

Vt

r2

Tz Q

r1

cs1

cs2

r2 V2 r1 V1

Example: Sprinkler
vt

cs2 T Q
z

10 cm

r2 V2 r1 V1
0.1 2 Qr2Vt2

Q jet
V
sin 2
t2 r
A jet
Total flow is 1 L/s.
/2

Jet diameter is 0.5 cm. 0.1 2 Qr 4Q

r
sin

2
2
2

Friction exerts a torque of

2
0.1 N-m-s2 2.
2
2
2
0.1 Qr2 Q r
sin 0
2
2
= 30.
d
Find the speed of rotation.
Vt and Vn are defined relative to control surfaces.

Example: Sprinkler
0.1 2 Qr22 Q 2 r2
a = 0.1Nms2

2
sin 0
2
d
b

b 2 4ac
2a

b Qr22

b = (1000 kg/m3)(0.001 m3/s) (0.1 m) 2 = 0.01 Nms

2
2
c Q r
sin
2
2
d
c = -(1000 kg/m3)(0.001 m3/s)2(0.1m)(2sin30)/3.14/(0.005 m)2
c = -1.27 Nm

= 127/s
What is if there is no friction? ___________

= 3.5/s

What is Vt if there is no friction ?__________

T Qr2Vt2
Reflections

= 34 rpm

Energy Equation
DBsys
Dt

DE

Dt
t

bdV

cv

edV

cv

dA cv equation
bV n
cs

dA What is DE/Dt for a system?

eV n
cs

First law of thermodynamics: The heat QH added to a system plus

the work W done on the system equals the change in total energy
E of the system.

W
pr pV ndA
Qnet Wnet E2 E1
in

in

Wnet Wpr Wshaft

in

cs

DE

Q
net Wshaft pV ndA
Dt
in
cs

dE/dt for our System?

p h
F pA

Pressure work

DE

Q
net Wshaft pV ndA
Dt
in
cs

Heat transfer

W pr FV
W pr pVA
DE
pV n
dA
Dt
cs

DE

Q
net
Dt
in

Shaft work
DE

W
shaft
Dt

General Energy Equation

1st Law of Thermo
DE

dA
Qnet Wshaft pV n
Dt
t
in
cs

cv equation

edV

cv

eV n dA

cs

Qnet W
shaft e d p e V n
dA

t cv

in
cs

V2

e gz
u
2

Total

Potential

Kinetic

Internal (molecular
spacing and forces)

Simplify the Energy Equation

q net m

wshaft m
0
Steady
p

Q W
dA
e d
e V n
net
shaft

t cv

in
cs
V2

e gz
u
2
2

p
V

dA

w
m

gz

u
shaft

V n
net

2
in

cs
in

gz c

Assume...
Hydrostatic pressure distribution at cs
is uniform over cs

But V is often ____________

not uniform over control surface!

Energy Equation: Kinetic Energy

V
cs 2

dA
V n

V 3
cs 2

dA

V A V = point velocity
2

V = average velocity over cs

If V tangent to n

V A
2

1 V 3

A cs V 3

dA

energy correction term

= kinetic
_________________________
=___
1 for uniform velocity

Energy Equation: steady, onedimensional, constant density

q net wshaft
in

V2

dA

m
gz
u V n

cs

V n dA m

mass flux rate

cs

q net wshaft
in

2
pout
Vout


m
gzout
uout
2

Vin2
gzin
u
in

pin

2
Vin2
pout
Vout

gzin in
uin q net wshaft
gzout out
uout

2
in

pin

Energy Equation: steady, onedimensional, constant density

2
Vin2
pout
Vout

gzin in
uin q net wshaft
gzout out
uout

2
in

pin

divide by g

2
Vin2
wshaft
pout
Vout
zin in

zout out

2g
g

2g

pin

wshaft
hhPP hT
g

in

in

thermal

mechanical

uout uin q net

uout uin q net

hL

Lost mechanical
energy

2
Vin2
pout
Vout
zin in
hP
zout out
hT hL

2g

2g

pin

Thermal Components of the

Energy Equation
V2

e gz
u
2

u cvT c pT
For incompressible liquids

uout uin q net

Water specific heat = 4184 J/(kg*K)
in
hL
g

Change in temperature
c p Tout Tin q net
in

Heat transferred to fluid

hL

Example

Example: Energy Equation

(energy loss)
An irrigation pump lifts 50 L/s of water from a reservoir and
discharges it into a farmers irrigation channel. The pump
supplies a total head of 10 m. How much mechanical energy
cs2
is lost? What is hL?
4m
2.4 m
2m
cs1
datum
Why cant I draw the cs at the end of the pipe?
2
Vin2
pout
Vout
zin in
hP
zout out
hT hL

2g

2g

pin

hp zout hL

hL hp zout

hL = 10 m - 4 m

Example: Energy Equation

(pressure at pump outlet)
The total pipe length is 50 m and is 20 cm in diameter. The
pipe length to the pump is 12 m. What is the pressure in the
pipe at the pump outlet? You may assume (for now) that the
only losses are frictional losses in the pipeline.
50 L/s
hP = 10 m
cs2
4m
2.4 m
2m
cs1

0 0

0 datum

/
/
/
/
We need _______ in the pipe, , and ____ ____.

2
Vin2
pout
Vout
zin in
hP
zout out
hT hL

2g

2g

pin

velocity

head loss

Example: Energy Equation

(pressure at pump outlet)
How do we get the velocity in the pipe?
Q = VA

A = d2/4

V = 4Q/( d2)

V = 4(0.05 m3/s)/[ 0.2 m)2] = 1.6 m/s

How do we get the frictional losses?

Expect losses to be proportional to length of the pipe
hl = (6 m)(12 m)/(50 m) = 1.44 m

What about ?

Kinetic Energy Correction Term:

1 V

A V

3
3

cs

is a function of the velocity distribution in

the pipe.
For a uniform velocity distribution
is 1
____
For laminar flow ______
is 2
For turbulent flow _____________
1.01 < < 1.10
Often neglected in calculations because it is so
close to 1

dA

Example: Energy Equation

(pressure at pump outlet)
V = 1.6 m/s
= 1.05
hL = 1.44 m
2.4 m
2m

hP

pout

zout out

2
Vout
hL
2g

50 L/s

hP = 10 m

4m

datum

pout hP zout out

(1.6 m/s) 2

Vout
hL
2g

p2 (9810 N/m ) (10 m) (2.4 m) (1.05)

(1.44 m) = 59.1 kPa
2
2(9.81 m/s )

Example: Energy Equation

(Hydraulic Grade Line - HGL)
We would like to know if there are any
places in the pipeline where the pressure is
too high (_________)
pipe burst or too low (water
might boil - cavitation).
Plot the pressure as piezometric head
(height water would rise to in a piezometer)
How?

Example: Energy Equation

(Energy Grade Line - EGL)
Loss due to shear
HP = 10 m

Entrance loss
2.4 m
2m

2g
4m
p = 59 kPa

Exit loss
50 L/s

datum
What is the pressure at the pump intake?
2
Vin2
pout
Vout
zin in
hP
zout out
hT hL

2g

2g

pin

Hydraulic Grade Line

Energy Grade Line

EGL (or TEL) and HGL

EGL

V2
2g

HGL

Elevation head (w.r.t.velocity

datum)
head

Piezometric
head

Pressure head (w.r.t.

reference pressure)
What is the difference between EGL defined by Bernoulli
and EGL defined here?

EGL (or TEL) and HGL

The energy grade line may never slope upward (in
pump
direction of flow) unless energy is added (______)
The decrease in total energy represents the head
loss or energy dissipation per unit weight
EGL and HGL are ____________and
coincident
lie at the
free surface for water at rest (reservoir)
Whenever the HGL falls below the point in the
system for which it is plotted, the local pressures
reference pressure
are lower than the __________________

Example HGL and EGL

velocity head

V2
2g
pressure head

energy grade line

hydraulic grade line

pump
z=0

pin

zin in

2
in

z elevation
datum
2

V
p
V
hP out zout out out hT hL
2g

2g

Bernoulli vs. Control Volume

Conservation of Energy
Find the velocity and flow. How would you solve these two
problems?

pipe

Free jet

Bernoulli vs. Control Volume

Conservation of Energy
p1
v12
p2
v22
z1

z2

2g
2g

2
Vin2
pout
Vout
zin in
hP
zout out
hT hL

2g

2g

pin

Point to point along streamline

Control surface to control surface

No frictional losses

Has a term for frictional losses

Based on point velocity

Based on average velocity

Requires kinetic energy
correction factor
Includes shaft work
Has direction!

Power and Efficiencies

P = FV

Electrical power
Pelectric EI

Shaft power
Pshaft

Motor losses
bearing losses

Impeller power

pump losses

Pimpeller T

Fluid power
Pwater QHp

Prove this!

Example: Hydroplant
Water power = 2.45 MW
Overall efficiency = 0.857
efficiency of turbine = 0.893
efficiency of generator = 0.96
Reservoir
Powerhouse

Q = 5 m3
/s
Pens
tock

180 rpm

50 m

2100 kW

116 kNm
River

solution

2
Vin2
pout
Vout
zin in
hP
zout out
hT hL

2g

2g

pin

Energy Equation Review

Control Volume equation

Simplifications
steady
constant density
hydrostatic pressure distribution across control surface
(streamlines parallel)

Direction of flow matters (in vs. out)

We dont know how to predict head loss

Conservation of Energy,
Momentum, and Mass
Most problems in fluids require the use of
more than one conservation law to obtain a
solution
Often a simplifying assumption is required
to obtain a solution

mechanical
neglect energy losses (_______)
to heat over a short
distance with no flow expansion
neglect shear forces on the solid surface over a
short distance

2
Vin2
pout
Vout
zin in
hP
zout out
hT hL

2g

2g

pin

Head Loss: Minor Losses

Head (or energy) loss due to:

outlets, inlets, bends, elbows, valves, pipe
size changes
Losses due to expansions are ________
greater than
losses due to contractions When V, KE thermal
Losses can be minimized by gradual
transitions
V2
Losses are expressed in the form hL K L 2 g
where KL is the loss coefficient

Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:

Conservation of Energy z
x
in

out

At centroid of control surface

Where is p measured?___________________________
2
pin
Vin2
pout
Vout
zin in
hP
zout out
hT hL

2g

2g
pin pout

hL

2
Vout
Vin2

hL
2g

pin pout

2
Vin2 Vout
Relate Vin and Vout?

2g
Relate pin and pout?

zin = zout
Mass
Momentum

Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:

Conservation of Momentum
A2

A1

M1 M 2 W Fp1 Fp2 Fss Apply in direction of flow

M 1 x M 2 x Fp Fp
1x

M 1x Vin2 Ain

Neglect surface shear

2x

2
M 2 x Vout
Aout

2
Vin2 Ain Vout
Aout pin Aout pout Aout

pin pout

2
Vout
Vin2

Ain
Aout

Pressure is applied over all of

section 1.
Momentum is transferred over
area corresponding to upstream
pipe diameter.
Vin is velocity upstream.

Divide by (Aout )

Head Loss due to

Sudden Expansion
Energy hL

Ain
Vout
Mass A V
out
in

pin pout

Momentum pin pout

2
Vin2 Vout

2g
2
2 Ain
Vout Vin
Aout

2
2 Vout
V

V
2 out 2 in
2
Vin
Vin2 Vout
hL

2g
2g

2
Vout
2VinVout Vin2
hL
2g

V
Ain
Vin Vout

hl
1

hl
2g
Aout
2g
KL=1
Discharge into a reservoir?_________
2

2
in

Ain
KL 1

A
out

Example: Losses due to Sudden

Expansion in a Pipe (Teams!)
A flow expansion discharges 0.5 L/s
directly into the air. Calculate the pressure
immediately upstream from the expansion
1 cm

3 cm

We can solve this using either the momentum equation

or the energy equation (with the appropriate term for
the
3
0.0005m / s
energy losses)!
V1
6.4m / s
2
0.01m

Use the momentum equation

4
V2 0.71m / s
Solution

Scoop
A scoop attached to a locomotive is used to lift water from a
stationary water tank next to the train tracks into a water tank on the
train. The scoop pipe is 10 cm in diameter and elevates the water 3 m.
Draw several streamlines in the left half of the stationary water tank
(use the scoop as your frame of reference) including the streamlines
that attach to the submerged horizontal section of the scoop.
Use the streamlines to help you draw a control volume and clearly
label the control surfaces.
How fast must the locomotive be moving (V scoop) to get a flow of 4 L/s
if the frictional losses in the pipe are equal to 1.8 V 2/2g where V is the
average velocity of the water in the pipe. (V scoop = 7.7 m/s)

Scoop
Q = 4 L/s

3m

d = 10 cm

Vscoop

stationary water tank

Scoop Problem:
The Real Scoop
2
Vin2
pout
Vout
zin in
hP
zout out
hT hL

2g

2g

pin

p1
V12 p2
V22
z1

z2

2g
2g

Energy

Bernoulli

moving water tank

Summary
Control volumes should be drawn so that
the surfaces are either tangent (no flow) or
normal (flow) to streamlines.
In order to solve a problem the flow
surfaces need to be at locations where all
but 1 or 2 of the energy terms are known
When possible choose a frame of reference
so the flows are steady

Summary
Control volume equation: Required to make
the switch from Lagrangian to Eulerian
Any conservative property can be evaluated
using the control volume equation
mass, energy, momentum, concentrations of
species

Many problems require the use of several

conservation laws to obtain a solution
end

Scoop Problem

stationary water tank

Scoop Problem:
Change your Perspective

moving water tank

Scoop Problem:
Be an Extremist!
Very long riser tube
Very short riser tube

Example: Conservation of Mass

(Team Work)
The flow through the orifice is a function of the depth
of water in the reservoir
Q CAor 2gh
Find the time for the reservoir level to drop from 10 cm
to 5 cm. The reservoir surface is 15 cm x 15 cm. The
orifice is 2 mm in diameter and is 2 cm off the bottom
of the reservoir. The orifice coefficient is 0.6.
CV with constant or changing mass.
Draw CV, label CS, solve using variables starting with

to integration step
dA
V n
dV

cs

cv

Example Conservation of Mass

Constant Volume
V n dA

cs

dV

cv

V n dA
1

cs1

2 dA 0
V2 n

Vres

dt

cs2

Vres Ares Vor Aor 0

dh

cs1

dh
dt

Ares CAor

2 gh 0

Vor Aor Qor

cs2

Example Conservation of Mass

Changing Volume
V n dA

cs

Vor Aor
Vor Aor

dV

cv

cv

Ares dh
dV

dt
dt

dt

Ares CAor

dV

Vor Aor Qor

dh

cs1

2 gh 0

cs2

Example Conservation of Mass

h

Ares
CAor

2g

Ares
CAor

2g

dh
h

h0

dt

2 h1 / 2 h01 / 2 t

2 0.15m
0.002m
0.6
4

t 591s

2 9.8m / s 2

0.03m

1/ 2

0.08m

1/ 2

Pump Head
out

Vin2
zin in
hP

2g

pin

pout

zout out

2
Vout
hT hL
2g

hp
Vin2
in
2g

2
Vout
2g

Example: Venturi

Example: Venturi
Find the flow (Q) given the pressure drop between section 1 and
2 and the diameters of the two sections. Draw an appropriate
control volume. You may assume the head loss is negligible.
Draw the EGL and the HGL.
h

Example Venturi
2
Vin2
pout
Vout
zin in
hP
zout out
hT hL

2g

2g

pin

pin

pin

Vout

pout

pout

Q VA

2
Vout
Vin2

2g
2g

d out
V
1

2g
d
in

2
out

Vin Ain Vout Aout

2 g ( pin pout )
4

1 d out d in

Q Cv Aout

2 g ( pin pout )
4
1 d out d in

Vin

d in2
4

Vout

2
d out

2
Vin d in2 Vout d out

Vin Vout

2
d out
d in2

Reflections
What is the name of the equation that we used to move
from a system (Lagrangian) view to the control volume
(Eulerian) view?
Explain the analogy to your checking account.
The velocities in the linear momentum equation are
relative to ?
When is ma non-zero for a fixed control volume?
Under what conditions could you generate power from
a rotating sprinkler?
What questions do you have about application of the
linear momentum and momentum of momentum
equations?

Temperature Rise over

Taughanock Falls
Drop of 50 meters
Find the temperature rise
Ignore kinetic energy
c p Tout Tin q net
in

g
T

ghL q net
in

cp

hL

9.8 m/s 50 m
T
2

4184

Kg K

T 0.117 K

Hydropower
P QH p
Pwater 9806 N / m3 5m3 / s 50m 2.45MW

2.100 MW
etotal
0.857
2.45MW
rev 2 rad 1min

Pturbine 0.116 MNm 180

min
rev
60
s

2.187 MW
eturbine
0.893
2.45MW
2.100 MW
egenerator
0.96
2.187 MW

2.187 MW

Solution: Losses due to Sudden

Expansion in a Pipe
A flow expansion discharges 0.5 L/s directly into the air.
Calculate the pressure immediately upstream from the
expansion
A
1 cm
V22 V12 1
p1 p2
A2

3 cm
3

g
0.0005m / s
V

6.4m / s
1
2
2
A1 V2
p1 V2 V1V2
0.01m

A
V

g
2
1
4

h
p 1000kg / s 0.71m / s

V2 0.71m / s

p1 V22 V1V2
1

p1 4kPa

6.4m / s 0.71m / s

Carburetors and water powered vacuums