Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Troubleshooting
Popular Troubles and their Solutions
PC Maintenance
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Interface Cards
Sound Card
Video Card
Network Interface Card (LAN)
Modem
Other Add-on interface
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Monitor/ LCD
Power Supply
PC Casing
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All Others
Fully proprietary designs (certain
Compaq, Packard Bell, HewlettPackard, notebook/portable
systems, and so on)
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Parallel
Port
Line
In
Line/Spea
ker Out
Mic
In
PS/2
Keyboard
port
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Serial
Ports
USB
Ports
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Chipset
AGP
Slot
I/O
Ports
PCI
Slots
CPU
Sock
et
ATX
Power
Supply
Connect
or
CMOS
batter
y
DIMM/DDR
Memory
Socket
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IDE
Floppy
Drive
Drive
Connect Connector
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Motherboard Slots
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
standard specifies a computer bus for attaching
peripheral devices to a computer motherboard.
These devices can take the form of:
integrated circuits fitted on the motherboard
itself (called planar devices in the PCI
specification); or
expansion cards that fit in sockets.
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AGP
The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) (also called
Advanced Graphics Port) is a high-speed point-to-point
channel for attaching a graphics card to a computer's
motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D
computer graphics. Many classify AGP as a type of
computer bus, but this is something of a misnomer since
buses generally allow multiple devices to be connected,
while AGP does not. Some motherboards have been built
with multiple independent AGP slots. AGP is slowly being
phased out by PCI Express.
As of 2004, newer versions of AGP increase the transfer
rate from two to eight times. Available versions include:
AGP 1x, using a 32-bit channel operating at 66 MHz
resulting in a maximum data rate of 266 megabytes per
second, doubled from the 133MBytes/s transfer rate of
PCI bus 33MHz / 32bit; 3.3 V signaling.
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Memory (RAM)
Memory is the workspace for the computers
processor. It is a temporary storage area where
the programs and data being operated on by the
processor must reside. Memory storage is
considered temporary because the data and
programs remain there only as long as the
computer has electrical power or is not reset.
Before being shut down or reset, any data that
has been changed should be saved to a more
permanent storage device (usually a hard disk)
so it can be reloaded into memory in the future.
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Latest
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Microprocessor (CPU)
The brain or engine of the PC is the processor
(sometimes called microprocessor), or central
processing unit (CPU). The CPU performs the
systems calculating and processing. In terms of
computing power, the CPU is the most important
element of a computer system. The speed of the
CPU is measured in Megahertz (MHz) and
Gigahertz (GHz)
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Integrated Electronics
Corp.
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Examples of Microprocessor
Intel Pentium III
(Socket 370)
Intel Pentium 4
Socket T (LGA-775)
AMD Athlon XP
(Socket A/462)
Intel
Pentium 4
(PGA 478)
AMD K6/III
(Socket 7 /
Super 7)
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AMD Athlon 64 FX
(Socket 939)
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Latest Processor
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Cache Memory
Cache memory is a high-speed memory buffer that
temporarily stores data the processor needs,
allowing the processor to retrieve that data faster
than if it came from main memory. But there is
one additional feature of a cache over a simple
buffer, and that is intelligence. A cache is a buffer
with a brain. It holds the data the processor is
most likely to need in advance of it actually being
needed.
Internal Level 1 Cache
All modern processors starting with the 486 family
include an integrated L1 cache and controller.
The integrated L1 cache size varies from
processor to processor, starting at 8KB for the
original 486DX and now up to 32KB, 64KB, or
more in the latest processors.
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Level 2 Cache
Newer processors have integrated L2 cache that
runs at the same speed as the processor core,
which is also the same speed as the L1 cache.
L2 cache holds data that the L1 cache missed,
therefore reducing the time it takes to access if it
would be from the main memory.
The organization of the cache memory in the 486
and MMX Pentium family is called a four-way set
associative cache, which means that the cache
memory is split into four blocks. Each block also
is organized as 128 or 256 lines of 16 bytes
each.
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Processor Features
SMM (Power Management) - Spurred on primarily by the
goal of putting faster and more powerful processors in
laptop computers, Intel has created power-management
circuitry. This circuitry enables processors to conserve
energy use and lengthen battery life.
Superscalar Execution - The fifth-generation Pentium
and newer processors feature multiple internal
instruction execution pipelines, which enable them to
execute multiple instructions at the same time.
MMX, Extended MMX, SSE, SSE2,SSE3 (Intel), 3DNow!,
Enhanced 3DNow!, Professional 3DNow! (AMD) these
are instruction sets designed to enhance the processors
performance in terms of multi-media applications, such
as games.
Hyper-threading
Hyper-Threading works by duplicating certain sections of
the processor - those that store the architectural state but not duplicating the main execution resources. This
allows a Hyper-Threading equipped processor to
pretend to be two "logical" processors to the host
operating system, allowing the operating system to
schedule two threads or processes simultaneously.
64-bit microprocessor architecture
AMD64 (also x86-64 or x64) is a 64-bit microprocessor
architecture and corresponding instruction set
designed by Advanced Micro Devices. It is a superset
of the x86 architecture, which it natively supports.
Extended Memory 64-bit Technology (EM64T) is Intel's
implementation of AMD64, a 64-bit extension to the IA32 architecture.
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CPU Sockets
Intel and AMD have created a set of socket
and slot designs for their processors. Each
socket or slot is designed to support a
different range of original and upgrade
processors.
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PAC611
PAC418
Socket T (LGA775)
Socket
604
Socket
603
Socket 480
Socket 479
Socket
478
Intel
Itanium
Intel
Itanium
Intel Pentium
4, Pentium D,
Pentium
Extreme
Edition, &
Celeron
Xeon
Xeon
Intel
Pentium M
(Dual core)
Intel
Pentium M
(Single core)
& Celeron M
Intel
Pentium 4
& Celeron
Socket
423
Socket
370
Socket AM2
Socket F
Socket
S1
Socket 939
Socket 940
Socket
754
Intel
Pentium
4
Intel
Celeron
&
Pentium
III
AMD
"Orleans"
Athlon 64,
AMD "Windsor"
Athlon 64 X2,
AMD
"Orleans4"
Athlon 64 FX.
AMD
Opteron
processor
s.
AMD
Turion 64
mobile
processor
s
AMD Athlon
64 / AMD
Athlon 64
FX to
1GHz /
Sempron
AMD
Opteron
AMD
Athlon
64 /
Sempron
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Socket A
(Socket
462)
Socket 563
Slot 2
Slot 1
Slot A
Socket 8
Super Socket
7
Socket 7
Later AMD
Athlon,
Athlon XP,
Duron and
Sempron
Low-power
Mobile
Athlon XPM (-PGA
Socket,
mostly
mobile
parts)
Intel
Pentiu
m II
Xeon &
Pentiu
m III
Xeon
Intel
Pentium II
& early
Pentium III
Early
AMD
Athlon &
Alpha
21264
Intel
Pentium
Pro
Intel
Pentium
&
compatibl
es from
Cyrix,
AMD
Socket 6
Socket 5
Socket
4
Socket 3
Socket 2
Socket 1
486 Socket
Intel 486
Intel
Pentium
75-133MHz
and
compatible
s
Intel
Pentiu
m
60/66M
Hz
Intel 486
(3.3v and
5v) and
compatible
s
Intel 486
Intel 486
Intel 486
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Socket A
(462)
Socket 478
Socket 939
Socket T
(LGA775)
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Land
Grid
Array
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Processor Codenames
Code names have been used to identify
microprocessors while in development. In some
cases, the code name became the completed
product's name, but most of these code names
are no longer used once the associated products
are released.
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SCSI Small Computer System Interface. SCSI (pronounced scuzzy) stands for Small
Computer System Interface and is a generalpurpose interface used for connecting many
types of devices to a PC. SCSI is a fast interface,
generally suited to high-performance
workstations, servers, or anywhere the ultimate
in performance for a storage system interface is
needed.
Serial ATA (S-ATA) - is a computer bus primarily
designed for transfer of data to and from a hard
disk. It is the successor to the legacy Advanced
Technology Attachment standard (ATA, also
known as IDE).
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ATA
ATA (AT Attachment
Interface) An IDE
disk interface
standard introduced
in March 1989 that
defines a compatible
register set, a 40-pin
connector, and its
associated signals.
See also IDE and
SATA.
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SCSI
SCSI is most commonly
used for hard disks and
tape storage devices,
but also connects a wide
range of other devices,
including scanners, CDROM drives, CD writers,
and DVD drives. SCSI
remains popular on highperformance
workstations, servers,
and high-end
peripherals.
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Serial ATA
Serial-ATA is a serial link -- a
single cable with a
minimum of four wires
creates a point-to-point
connection between
devices. Transfer rates for
Serial ATA begin at
150MBps. One of the main
design advantages of Serial
ATA is that the thinner serial
cables facilitate more
efficient airflow inside a
form factor and also allow
for smaller chassis designs.
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Floppy Disk
floppy disks :
Relatively slow and
have a small
capacity, but they are
portable,
inexpensive, and
universal. Basically, a
floppy disk drive
reads and writes data
to a small, circular
piece of metal-coated
plastic similar to
audio cassette tape.
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Optical Storage
The optical storage device that most of us are familiar
with is the compact disc (CD). A CD can store huge
amounts of digital information (783 MB) on a very small
surface that is incredibly inexpensive to manufacture.
The design that makes this possible is a simple one:
The CD surface is a mirror covered with billions of tiny
bumps that are arranged in a long, tightly wound spiral.
The CD player reads the bumps with a precise laser
and interprets the information as bits of data.
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DVD Drive
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Flash Storage
A keydrive is a small removable
data storage device that uses flash
memory and a USB connector.
These storages device are active
only when powered by a connection
to a computer, and require no
external power source or battery
power when not in use. To access
the data stored in a keydrive, it
must be connected to a computer,
either by direct connection to its
USB port or via a USB hub.
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Input Devices
These are devices that
are used to input data
and give instructions to
the computer. The most
common input device is
the keyboard. In a GUI
environment, a pointing
device, typically a
mouse is used to move
and select objects on
the screen for action.
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Keyboard
One of the most basic system components is the
keyboard, which is the primary input device. It is
used for entering commands and data into the
system.
The primary keyboard types are as follows:
104-key Windows keyboard
101-key Enhanced keyboard
83-key PC and XT keyboard (obsolete)
84-key AT keyboard (obsolete)
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Keyboard Connectors
5-pin DIN (PC/AT)
PC/AT
PS/2
USB
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Mice
A mouse is a handheld pointing device for
computers, involving a small object fitted with one
or more buttons and shaped to sit naturally under
the hand. The underside of the mouse houses a
device that detects the mouse's motion relative to
the flat surface on which it sits. The mouse's 2D
motion is typically translated into the motion of a
cursor on the display.
It is called a mouse primarily because the cord on
early models resembled the rodent's tail, and also
because the motion of the pointer on the screen
can be mouse like. In popular usage, the plural
can be either mice or mouses.
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Onto-mechanical Mouse
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Optical Mouse
Optical Mouse
uses laser light to
detect and
transfer motion
instead of ball
and rollers
Serial
PS/2
USB
Wireless
(via USB port)
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Input/Output Ports
USB Universal Serial Bus is an external
peripheral bus standard designed to bring Plug
and Play capability for attaching peripherals
externally to the PC. USB is a high-speed I/O
port which enables you to connect several
devices on a single USB port. It has a data
transfer rate up to 60Mbps.
Devices which connects to USB port:
Printers, Scanners
External drives
Digital cameras
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Interface Cards
Interface cards generally refer to devices which are
inserted into the expansion slots on the
motherboard to add capabilities to the computer
such as playing music, connect to the internet
and many more. Devices such as Sound card,
internal Modems, and Network Interface card are
just some of the examples.
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Sound Cards
An expansion board that enables a computer to
manipulate and output sounds. Sound cards are
necessary for nearly all CD-ROMs and have become
commonplace on modern personal computers. Sound
cards enable the computer to output sound through
speakers connected to the board, to record sound
input from a microphone connected to the computer,
and manipulate sound stored on a disk.
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Sound Cards
converts digital
signals on your
computer to
analog signal and
send it out to the
speakers. It can
also accept sound
from external
sources such as
microphone or
stereo system for
recording.
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Mic IN
(pink or
red)
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Speaker
Out (lime
or green)
MIDI /
Game Port
(gold)
Line Out
(no
standard
color)
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Video Cards
A graphics card or video
card is a component of a
computer which is
designed to convert a
logical representation of
an image stored in
memory to a signal that
can be used as input for a
display medium, most
often a monitor utilizing a
variety of display
standards. Typically, it
also provides functionality
to manipulate the logical
image in memory.
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Modem
The word "modem" is a contraction of the words
modulator-demodulator. A modem is typically
used to send digital data over a phone line. The
sending modem modulates the data into a
signal that is compatible with the phone line, and
the receiving modem demodulates the signal
back into digital data.
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Power Supply
The basic function of the power supply is to convert
the type of electrical power available at the wall
socket to the type the computer circuitry can use.
The power supply in a conventional desktop
system is designed to convert either 115-volt
(nominal) 60Hz AC (alternating current) or 230v
(nominal) 50Hz AC power into +3.3v, +5v, and
+12v DC (direct current) power.
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Recommended Wattage
Mini-tower
330-350 W
15 A
Mid-tower
350-380 W
15 A
Full tower
380-450 W
18 A
Server tower
450-550 W
20A
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Monitor
A computer display, monitor or screen is a
computer peripheral device capable of showing
still or moving images generated by a computer
and processed by a graphics card. Monitors
generally conform to one or more display
standards. Monitors can either be CRT (cathode
ray tube or LCD (liquid crystal display)
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CRT monitor
The original display technology, and still the most
popular, is cathode ray tube (CRT) technology
the same technology used in television sets.
CRTs consist of a vacuum tube enclosed in
glass. One end of the tube contains an electron
gun assembly that projects three electron
beams, one each for the red, green, and blue
phosphors used to create the colors you see
onscreen; the other end contains a screen with a
phosphorous coating.
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LCD monitor
LCD or flat panel computer
displays are the latest and
greatest offerings in the
desktop computer industry.
They have been used for years
in the portable and notebook
computing markets, but recent
developments have increase
performance and size while
reducing costs making them
viable in the desktop
environment. LCD displays are
lightweight, extremely thin and
use much less power than CRT
based monitors.
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Casing
This is the box where all the components of
the PC are installed. Usually made of
plastic and metal. The case provides
electromagnetic insulation to keep radio
radiation within. It also offers structural
integrity for all the components in the
system. It also provide a hard mounting
point for all the components is the system,
keep the system cool by providing good
ventilation. Most of all, it defines the
cosmetic look of the system.
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Software Applications
Microsoft Office 2003, 2007
OpenOffice.Org
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Other Software
Anti-virus
Network and Computer Games
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Mandriva Linux
(formerly Mandrakelinux or Mandrake
Linux) is a Linux distribution created by
Mandriva (formerly Mandrakesoft).
The first release was based on Red
Hat Linux (version 5.1) and KDE
(version 1.0) in July 1998.
It has since diverged from Red Hat and
has included a number of original tools
mostly to ease system configuration.
Mandriva Linux (at the time named
Mandrake Linux) was originated by Gal
Duval, who was also a co-founder of
Mandrakesoft and was fired from the
company in 2006.
Mandriva Linux
Ubuntu
(official IPA
pronunciation /bnt/ (ooBOON-too)) is a
predominantly desktoporiented Linux distribution,
based on Debian
GNU/Linux but with a
stronger focus on usability,
regular releases, and ease
of installation.
Ubuntu Linux
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