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PC Troubleshooting

Mr. Joseph B. Ramirez Jr.


Resource Speaker

Part 1 Hardware and Software Overview


Computer Systems Components
Popular Software Used
Part 2 PC Troubleshooting and Maintenance

Troubleshooting
Popular Troubles and their Solutions

PC Maintenance

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Computer Systems Components


Main Components of the PC
System Board (Motherboard)
Memory (RAM)
Processor (CPU)
Secondary Storage devices

Hard Disk Drive


Optical Drives
Floppy Disk Drive
Flash Drive

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Input/Output Ports and Devices


Keyboards/Mice
USB, Serial, Parallel Ports
Other input/output devices

Interface Cards

Sound Card
Video Card
Network Interface Card (LAN)
Modem
Other Add-on interface

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Monitor/ LCD
Power Supply
PC Casing

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System Board (motherboard)


The main circuit board of a microcomputer.
It contains the connectors for attaching
additional boards. Typically, the motherboard
contains the CPU, BIOS, memory, mass
storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports,
expansion slots, and all the controllers
required to control standard peripheral
devices, such as the display screen,
keyboard, and disk drive. Collectively, all
these chips that reside on the motherboard
are known as the motherboard's chipset.
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Motherboard Form Factors


The form factor refers to the physical dimensions (size
and shape) as well as certain connector, screw
hole, and other positions that dictate into which type
of case the board will fit.
Obsolete Form Factors
Baby-AT
Full-size AT
LPX (semiproprietary)
WTX (no longer in production)
ITX (flex-ATX variation, never
produced)

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Modern Form Factors


ATX - Standard desktop, mini-tower, and full-tower
systems; most common form factor today; most
flexible design for power users, enthusiasts, low-end
servers/workstations, and higher-end
home systems; ATX boards support up to seven
expansion slots.
Mini-ATX - A slightly smaller version of ATX that fits
into the same case as ATX. Many so-called ATX
motherboards are actually mini-ATX motherboards;
mini-ATX boards support up to six expansion slots.

micro-ATX - A smaller version of ATX, used


in Mid-range desktop or mini-tower
systems. Fits micro-ATX or ATX chassis.
Flex-ATX - Smallest version of ATX, used in
expensive or low-end small desktop or
mini-tower systems; entertainment or
appliance systems. Fits in flex-ATX, microATX, or ATX chassis.

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Mini-ITX - Minimum-size flex-ATX version, used


in set-top boxes and compact/small form
factor computers; highly integrated with one
PCI expansion slot. Fits in mini-ITX, flex-ATX,
micro-ATX, or ATX chassis.
NLX - Corporate desktop or mini-tower
systems; fast and easy serviceability.

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All Others
Fully proprietary designs (certain
Compaq, Packard Bell, HewlettPackard, notebook/portable
systems, and so on)

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When mounted inside the case, the ATX motherboard is


oriented so that the CPU socket is near the power
supply fan and case fan (if your case includes one).

ATX, mini-ATX, & micro-ATX motherboard


I/O Ports
PS/2 mouse
port

Parallel
Port
Line
In
Line/Spea
ker Out

Mic
In
PS/2
Keyboard
port

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Serial
Ports
USB
Ports
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ATX Motherboard Parts


BIOS
Chip

Chipset
AGP
Slot

I/O
Ports

PCI
Slots

CPU
Sock
et
ATX
Power
Supply
Connect
or

CMOS
batter
y
DIMM/DDR
Memory
Socket
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IDE
Floppy
Drive
Drive
Connect Connector
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Motherboard Slots
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
standard specifies a computer bus for attaching
peripheral devices to a computer motherboard.
These devices can take the form of:
integrated circuits fitted on the motherboard
itself (called planar devices in the PCI
specification); or
expansion cards that fit in sockets.

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The PCI bus is common in modern PCs, where it


has displaced ISA and VESA Local Bus as the
standard expansion bus, but it also appears in
many other computer types. The bus will
eventually be succeeded by PCI Express and
other technologies, which have already started to
appear in new computers.

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32-bit PCI expansion slots on a motherboard

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AGP
The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) (also called
Advanced Graphics Port) is a high-speed point-to-point
channel for attaching a graphics card to a computer's
motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D
computer graphics. Many classify AGP as a type of
computer bus, but this is something of a misnomer since
buses generally allow multiple devices to be connected,
while AGP does not. Some motherboards have been built
with multiple independent AGP slots. AGP is slowly being
phased out by PCI Express.
As of 2004, newer versions of AGP increase the transfer
rate from two to eight times. Available versions include:
AGP 1x, using a 32-bit channel operating at 66 MHz
resulting in a maximum data rate of 266 megabytes per
second, doubled from the 133MBytes/s transfer rate of
PCI bus 33MHz / 32bit; 3.3 V signaling.
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AGP 2x, using a 32-bit channel operating at 66 MHz


double pumped to an effective 133 MHz resulting in
a maximum data rate of 533 megabytes per second;
signaling voltages the same as AGP 1x;
AGP 4x, using a 32-bit channel operating at 66 MHz
quad pumped to an effective 266 MHz resulting in a
maximum data rate of 1066 megabytes per second;
1.5 V signaling;
AGP 8x, using a 32-bit channel operating at 66 MHz
octuple pumped to an effective 533 MHz resulting in
a maximum data rate of 2133 megabytes per
second; 0.8 V signaling.

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AGP slot (maroon), although the color is usu

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PCIe (PCI Express)


PCI Express, or PCIe, (formerly known as 3GIO
for 3rd Generation I/O, not to be mistaken for
PCI-X) is an implementation of the PCI computer
bus that uses existing PCI programming
concepts, but bases it on a completely different
and much faster serial physical-layer
communications protocol.

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PCI Express is intended to be used as a local


interconnect only. As it is based on the existing
PCI system, cards and systems can be
converted to PCI Express by changing the
physical layer only existing systems could be
adapted to PCI Express without any change in
software. The higher speeds on PCI Express
allow it to replace almost all existing internal
buses, including AGP and PCI.

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PCI Express slots (from top to bottom: x4,


x16, x1 and x16), compared to a traditional
32-bit PCI slot (bottom)

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Memory (RAM)
Memory is the workspace for the computers
processor. It is a temporary storage area where
the programs and data being operated on by the
processor must reside. Memory storage is
considered temporary because the data and
programs remain there only as long as the
computer has electrical power or is not reset.
Before being shut down or reset, any data that
has been changed should be saved to a more
permanent storage device (usually a hard disk)
so it can be reloaded into memory in the future.
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Memory often is called RAM, for random access


memory. Main memory is called RAM because
you can randomly (as opposed to sequentially)
access any location in memory. This designation
is somewhat misleading and often
misinterpreted. Read-only memory (ROM), for
example, is also randomly accessible, yet is
usually differentiated from the system RAM
because it maintains data without power and
cant normally be written to. Disk memory is also
randomly accessible, but we dont consider that
RAM either.

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Types of RAM Package


DIP (dual in-line package)
SIPP (single in-line pin package)
SIMM (singe in-line memory module)
30-pin module
72-pin module (EDORAM)
DIMM (dual in-line memory module)
168-pin module (SDRAM)
184-pin module (DDR)
240-pin module (DDR2)
RIMM (Rambus in-line memory module)
184-pin or 232-pin RDRAM RIMMs
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Latest

DDR2 OCZ platinum edition 2GB

Crucial Ballistix 2GB PC312800 DDR3 Dual Channel


Memory Kit
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Microprocessor (CPU)
The brain or engine of the PC is the processor
(sometimes called microprocessor), or central
processing unit (CPU). The CPU performs the
systems calculating and processing. In terms of
computing power, the CPU is the most important
element of a computer system. The speed of the
CPU is measured in Megahertz (MHz) and
Gigahertz (GHz)

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Common microprocessors available for desktop PCs


are from Intel and AMD.

Integrated Electronics
Corp.

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Advanced Micro Devices Corp.

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Examples of Microprocessor
Intel Pentium III
(Socket 370)

Intel Pentium 4
Socket T (LGA-775)

AMD Athlon XP
(Socket A/462)
Intel
Pentium 4
(PGA 478)
AMD K6/III
(Socket 7 /
Super 7)
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AMD Athlon 64 FX
(Socket 939)
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Latest Processor

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Cache Memory
Cache memory is a high-speed memory buffer that
temporarily stores data the processor needs,
allowing the processor to retrieve that data faster
than if it came from main memory. But there is
one additional feature of a cache over a simple
buffer, and that is intelligence. A cache is a buffer
with a brain. It holds the data the processor is
most likely to need in advance of it actually being
needed.
Internal Level 1 Cache
All modern processors starting with the 486 family
include an integrated L1 cache and controller.
The integrated L1 cache size varies from
processor to processor, starting at 8KB for the
original 486DX and now up to 32KB, 64KB, or
more in the latest processors.
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Level 2 Cache
Newer processors have integrated L2 cache that
runs at the same speed as the processor core,
which is also the same speed as the L1 cache.
L2 cache holds data that the L1 cache missed,
therefore reducing the time it takes to access if it
would be from the main memory.
The organization of the cache memory in the 486
and MMX Pentium family is called a four-way set
associative cache, which means that the cache
memory is split into four blocks. Each block also
is organized as 128 or 256 lines of 16 bytes
each.

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L3 cache (level three)


A third-level memory cache external to the processor
core. The only current Intel compatible processors to
include L3 cache are the Itanium and Itanium 2
processors from Intel. Depending on the model, these
contain 2MB or 4MB of L3 cache that runs at full
processor speed. If a motherboard provides L2 cache,
such as many Super Socket 7 motherboards made for
Pentium and Pentium-compatible processors, L2
cache becomes L3 cache if a processor with
integrated L3 cache, such as the AMD K6-III, is used.
Motherboard-based cache modules run at FSB
speeds, which are much slower than on-chip or on-die
processor speeds. See also cache and disk cache.

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Processor Features
SMM (Power Management) - Spurred on primarily by the
goal of putting faster and more powerful processors in
laptop computers, Intel has created power-management
circuitry. This circuitry enables processors to conserve
energy use and lengthen battery life.
Superscalar Execution - The fifth-generation Pentium
and newer processors feature multiple internal
instruction execution pipelines, which enable them to
execute multiple instructions at the same time.
MMX, Extended MMX, SSE, SSE2,SSE3 (Intel), 3DNow!,
Enhanced 3DNow!, Professional 3DNow! (AMD) these
are instruction sets designed to enhance the processors
performance in terms of multi-media applications, such
as games.

Hyper-threading
Hyper-Threading works by duplicating certain sections of
the processor - those that store the architectural state but not duplicating the main execution resources. This
allows a Hyper-Threading equipped processor to
pretend to be two "logical" processors to the host
operating system, allowing the operating system to
schedule two threads or processes simultaneously.
64-bit microprocessor architecture
AMD64 (also x86-64 or x64) is a 64-bit microprocessor
architecture and corresponding instruction set
designed by Advanced Micro Devices. It is a superset
of the x86 architecture, which it natively supports.
Extended Memory 64-bit Technology (EM64T) is Intel's
implementation of AMD64, a 64-bit extension to the IA32 architecture.
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CPU Sockets
Intel and AMD have created a set of socket
and slot designs for their processors. Each
socket or slot is designed to support a
different range of original and upgrade
processors.

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PAC611

PAC418

Socket T (LGA775)

Socket
604

Socket
603

Socket 480

Socket 479

Socket
478

Intel
Itanium

Intel
Itanium

Intel Pentium
4, Pentium D,
Pentium
Extreme
Edition, &
Celeron

Xeon

Xeon

Intel
Pentium M
(Dual core)

Intel
Pentium M
(Single core)
& Celeron M

Intel
Pentium 4
& Celeron

Socket
423

Socket
370

Socket AM2

Socket F

Socket
S1

Socket 939

Socket 940

Socket
754

Intel
Pentium
4

Intel
Celeron
&
Pentium
III

AMD
"Orleans"
Athlon 64,
AMD "Windsor"
Athlon 64 X2,
AMD
"Orleans4"
Athlon 64 FX.

AMD
Opteron
processor
s.

AMD
Turion 64
mobile
processor
s

AMD Athlon
64 / AMD
Athlon 64
FX to
1GHz /
Sempron

AMD
Opteron

AMD
Athlon
64 /
Sempron

Sorted by date (most recent to oldest).


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Socket A
(Socket
462)

Socket 563

Slot 2

Slot 1

Slot A

Socket 8

Super Socket
7

Socket 7

Later AMD
Athlon,
Athlon XP,
Duron and
Sempron

Low-power
Mobile
Athlon XPM (-PGA
Socket,
mostly
mobile
parts)

Intel
Pentiu
m II
Xeon &
Pentiu
m III
Xeon

Intel
Pentium II
& early
Pentium III

Early
AMD
Athlon &
Alpha
21264

Intel
Pentium
Pro

AMD K6-2 &


AMD K6-III
(socket 7 with
100 MHz
Front side bus
and AGP
interface
compatibility)

Intel
Pentium
&
compatibl
es from
Cyrix,
AMD

Socket 6

Socket 5

Socket
4

Socket 3

Socket 2

Socket 1

486 Socket

Intel 486

Intel
Pentium
75-133MHz
and
compatible
s

Intel
Pentiu
m
60/66M
Hz

Intel 486
(3.3v and
5v) and
compatible
s

Intel 486

Intel 486

Intel 486

Sorted by date (most recent to oldest).


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Socket A
(462)

Socket 478

Socket 939

Socket T
(LGA775)

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Land
Grid
Array
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Processor Codenames
Code names have been used to identify
microprocessors while in development. In some
cases, the code name became the completed
product's name, but most of these code names
are no longer used once the associated products
are released.

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Secondary Storage Devices


Secondary storage is also called auxiliary storage
and is used to store data and programs when they
are not being processed. Secondary storage is
more permanent than main memory, as data and
programs are retained when the power is turned
off.
Secondary storage is data on hard disks, tapes, and other
external devices. Primary storage is much faster to access
than secondary storage because of the proximity of the
storage to the processor or because of the nature of the
storage devices. On the other hand, secondary storage
can hold much more data than primary storage.

Primary Storage RAM & ROM


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HDD (Hard Disk Drive)


A rigid magnetic disk
fixed permanently
within a drive unit
and used for storing
computer data. Hard
disks generally offer
more storage and
quicker access to
data than floppy
disks do.
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Most desktop hard disks are IDE (ATAPI/EIDE),


whereas SCSI drives have traditionally been
found on servers and high-performance
workstations. The SCSI advantage is that from
seven to 15 devices can be attached to the same
controller board, which uses only one slot in the
PC. SCSI was the first drive technology to
employ fault-tolerant RAID systems. Today, IDE
drives are used in RAID arrays and in highperformance machines. Hard disks provide fast
retrieval because they rotate constantly at high
speed, from 5,000 to 15,000 rpm. In laptops,
they can be turned off when not being used to
preserve battery life.
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Parts of a Hard Disk Drive

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Types of Hard Disk Drive


IDE (IDE/ATAPI) Integrated Drive
Electronics/Advanced Technology
Attachment w/ Packet Interface - A single IDE
ATA channel can support up to two drives,
master & slave. IDE can only access one drive
per channel at a time. There are four IDE drive
capabilities, IDE ATA33, IDE ATA66, IDE ATA100
and the latest IDE ATA133.

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SCSI Small Computer System Interface. SCSI (pronounced scuzzy) stands for Small
Computer System Interface and is a generalpurpose interface used for connecting many
types of devices to a PC. SCSI is a fast interface,
generally suited to high-performance
workstations, servers, or anywhere the ultimate
in performance for a storage system interface is
needed.
Serial ATA (S-ATA) - is a computer bus primarily
designed for transfer of data to and from a hard
disk. It is the successor to the legacy Advanced
Technology Attachment standard (ATA, also
known as IDE).
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Serial ATA 1.0 uses a seven-wire data/ground cable


and supports direct point-to-point connections to
host adapters at initial speeds of up to 150MBps,
which is faster than UltraATA-133. Serial ATA II is
a version of the SATA standard designed for
servers.

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ATA
ATA (AT Attachment
Interface) An IDE
disk interface
standard introduced
in March 1989 that
defines a compatible
register set, a 40-pin
connector, and its
associated signals.
See also IDE and
SATA.

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IDE ATAPI Cable

RED Wire (Pin 1)


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SCSI
SCSI is most commonly
used for hard disks and
tape storage devices,
but also connects a wide
range of other devices,
including scanners, CDROM drives, CD writers,
and DVD drives. SCSI
remains popular on highperformance
workstations, servers,
and high-end
peripherals.
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SCSI Cable & SCSI Host Adapter

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Serial ATA
Serial-ATA is a serial link -- a
single cable with a
minimum of four wires
creates a point-to-point
connection between
devices. Transfer rates for
Serial ATA begin at
150MBps. One of the main
design advantages of Serial
ATA is that the thinner serial
cables facilitate more
efficient airflow inside a
form factor and also allow
for smaller chassis designs.

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Serial ATA connectors on


motherboard
Serial ATA Cable
and power supply
adapter
Serial ATA PCI
Controller Card

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Floppy Disk Drive


The floppy disk drive
(FDD) was the primary
means of adding data to a
computer until the CDROM drive became
popular. In fact, FDDs have
been an key component of
most personal computers
for more than 20 years.
Basically, a floppy disk
drive reads and writes data
to a small, circular piece of
metal-coated plastic similar
to audio cassette tape.
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Floppy Disk
floppy disks :
Relatively slow and
have a small
capacity, but they are
portable,
inexpensive, and
universal. Basically, a
floppy disk drive
reads and writes data
to a small, circular
piece of metal-coated
plastic similar to
audio cassette tape.
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Optical Storage
The optical storage device that most of us are familiar
with is the compact disc (CD). A CD can store huge
amounts of digital information (783 MB) on a very small
surface that is incredibly inexpensive to manufacture.
The design that makes this possible is a simple one:
The CD surface is a mirror covered with billions of tiny
bumps that are arranged in a long, tightly wound spiral.
The CD player reads the bumps with a precise laser
and interprets the information as bits of data.

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CD-ROM Drive 52X

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When you play a CD, the


laser beam passes through
the CD's polycarbonate
layer, reflects off the
aluminum layer and hits an
optoelectronic device that
detects changes in light.
The bumps reflect light
differently than the flat
parts of the aluminum
layer, which are called
lands. The optoelectronic
sensor detects these
changes in reflectivity, and
the electronics in the CDplayer drive interpret the
changes as data bits.
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DVD Drive

Philips DVD 52X rewriter Portable Drive

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Flash Storage
A keydrive is a small removable
data storage device that uses flash
memory and a USB connector.
These storages device are active
only when powered by a connection
to a computer, and require no
external power source or battery
power when not in use. To access
the data stored in a keydrive, it
must be connected to a computer,
either by direct connection to its
USB port or via a USB hub.
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Most keydrives feature


the larger type-A USB
connection, although
some feature the
smaller "miniUSB"
connection. There is
no separate power
connection; keydrives
are run from the limited
supply afforded by the
USB connection.

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Input Devices
These are devices that
are used to input data
and give instructions to
the computer. The most
common input device is
the keyboard. In a GUI
environment, a pointing
device, typically a
mouse is used to move
and select objects on
the screen for action.

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Keyboard
One of the most basic system components is the
keyboard, which is the primary input device. It is
used for entering commands and data into the
system.
The primary keyboard types are as follows:
104-key Windows keyboard
101-key Enhanced keyboard
83-key PC and XT keyboard (obsolete)
84-key AT keyboard (obsolete)

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Keyboards are also


classified according to
their design:
Windows keyboard
keyboards with key
Ergonomic keyboard a
good example of
ergonomic keyboard is
the MS natural
keyboard. (shown below)
Specialized keyboards
are keyboards with
special keys or buttons
added such as volume
controls for the audio, or
launch the browser.
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Keyboard Connectors
5-pin DIN (PC/AT)

PC/AT

6-pin mini-DIN (PS/2)


USB (Universal Serial
Bus)

PS/2

USB

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Mice
A mouse is a handheld pointing device for
computers, involving a small object fitted with one
or more buttons and shaped to sit naturally under
the hand. The underside of the mouse houses a
device that detects the mouse's motion relative to
the flat surface on which it sits. The mouse's 2D
motion is typically translated into the motion of a
cursor on the display.
It is called a mouse primarily because the cord on
early models resembled the rodent's tail, and also
because the motion of the pointer on the screen
can be mouse like. In popular usage, the plural
can be either mice or mouses.
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The standard mouse consists of several components:


A housing that you hold in your hand and move
around on your desktop
A method of transmitting movement to the
system: either ball/roller or optical sensors
Buttons (two or more, and often a wheel or toggle
switch) for making selections
An interface for connecting the mouse to the
system; conventional mice use a wire and
connector, whereas wireless mice use a radiofrequency or infrared transceiver in both the
mouse and a separate unit connected to the
computer to interface the mouse to the computer
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Onto-mechanical Mouse

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Optical Mouse
Optical Mouse
uses laser light to
detect and
transfer motion
instead of ball
and rollers

Pointing Device Interface

Serial
PS/2
USB
Wireless
(via USB port)

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Input/Output Ports
USB Universal Serial Bus is an external
peripheral bus standard designed to bring Plug
and Play capability for attaching peripherals
externally to the PC. USB is a high-speed I/O
port which enables you to connect several
devices on a single USB port. It has a data
transfer rate up to 60Mbps.
Devices which connects to USB port:
Printers, Scanners
External drives
Digital cameras
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Parallel Port - Parallel ports are normally used


for connecting printers to a PC. Even though
that was their sole original intention, parallel
ports have become much more useful over the
years as a more general-purpose, relatively
high-speed interface between devices (when
compared to serial ports).
Parallel Port
USB Port

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Serial Port - The asynchronous serial interface


was designed as a system-to-system
communications port. Asynchronous means that
no synchronization or clocking signal is present,
so characters can be sent with any arbitrary time
spacing. Serial refers to data that is sent over a
single wire, with each bit lining up in a series as
the bits are sent.
Devices that connects to a Serial Port
Serial Mouse
External Modem
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Interface Cards
Interface cards generally refer to devices which are
inserted into the expansion slots on the
motherboard to add capabilities to the computer
such as playing music, connect to the internet
and many more. Devices such as Sound card,
internal Modems, and Network Interface card are
just some of the examples.

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Sound Cards
An expansion board that enables a computer to
manipulate and output sounds. Sound cards are
necessary for nearly all CD-ROMs and have become
commonplace on modern personal computers. Sound
cards enable the computer to output sound through
speakers connected to the board, to record sound
input from a microphone connected to the computer,
and manipulate sound stored on a disk.

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Sound Cards
converts digital
signals on your
computer to
analog signal and
send it out to the
speakers. It can
also accept sound
from external
sources such as
microphone or
stereo system for
recording.
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Current sound cards usually plug into a Peripheral


Component Interconnect (PCI) slot, while some
older or inexpensive cards may use the Industry
Standard Architecture (ISA) bus. Many of the
computers available today incorporate the sound
card as a chipset right on the motherboard. This
leaves another slot open for other peripherals.

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Sound Card Jacks


Line IN (blue or
light blue)

Mic IN
(pink or
red)
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Speaker
Out (lime
or green)

MIDI /
Game Port
(gold)

Line Out
(no
standard
color)
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Video Cards
A graphics card or video
card is a component of a
computer which is
designed to convert a
logical representation of
an image stored in
memory to a signal that
can be used as input for a
display medium, most
often a monitor utilizing a
variety of display
standards. Typically, it
also provides functionality
to manipulate the logical
image in memory.
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Video Adapter Types


The three ways computer systems connect to
either CRT or LCD displays are as follows:
Add-on video cards. This method requires
the use of an AGP or a PCI expansion slot but
provides the highest possible level of
performance, the greatest amount of memory,
and the largest choice of features.
Video-only chipset on motherboard.
Performance is generally less than with addon video cards because older chipset designs
are often used.
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Motherboard chipset with integrated


video. This has the lowest cost of any
video solution, but performance can also
be very low, especially for 3D gaming or
other graphics-intensive applications.
Resolution and color-depth options are
also more limited than those available
with add-on video cards.

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ATX Motherboard with on-board Video, Sound, and


Network Interface card.

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Network Interface Card


A network card (also called
network adapter, network
interface card, NIC, etc.) is a
piece of computer hardware
designed to provide for
computer communication
over a computer network.
Most newer computers have a
network interface built into the
motherboard, so a separate
network card is not required
unless multiple interfaces are
needed or some other type of
network is used.

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Modem
The word "modem" is a contraction of the words
modulator-demodulator. A modem is typically
used to send digital data over a phone line. The
sending modem modulates the data into a
signal that is compatible with the phone line, and
the receiving modem demodulates the signal
back into digital data.

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Modems come in two forms: External modem


which are connected to your PC by means of
Serial Port or USB Port. USB modem doesnt
require external power source, it get its power
from the USB port. Internal modems are
installed on the expansion slot on the
motherboard, usually on the PCI slot.

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Typical 56K Internal Modem

External 56K USB Modem

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Power Supply
The basic function of the power supply is to convert
the type of electrical power available at the wall
socket to the type the computer circuitry can use.
The power supply in a conventional desktop
system is designed to convert either 115-volt
(nominal) 60Hz AC (alternating current) or 230v
(nominal) 50Hz AC power into +3.3v, +5v, and
+12v DC (direct current) power.

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Power Supply Form Factor


Form factor is used to describe the size and format
of PC motherboards, but also of hard drives,
power supplies, cases, and add-in cards. The
term can also be used refer to the shape of a
housing or package or mechanical connection
associated with a device or mechanism within
the context of its interface with other devices or
mechanisms, also in regards to a human
interface.

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Other power supply form factors are already


obsolete, below are the still available in
modern PC:
AT/Baby AT (being phased out)
ATX (new PCs have this type of power supply)

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Power supply removed


from the PC case

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Power Supply Output Voltage

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All power supplies are generally sold based


on their wattage rating. What people don't
know is that this is the combined total
wattage rating of the power supply at full
load across each of the individual voltage
lines. Since the power supply has multiple
voltage outputs, each voltage rail will pull
its own current from the power supply.

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Below is a chart of various PC case sizes and the


recommended ratings of a power supply for that
size case with the number of devices that could
potentially be installed in the case:
Case Size

Recommended Wattage

Min. +12v Max Load

Mini-tower

330-350 W

15 A

Mid-tower

350-380 W

15 A

Full tower

380-450 W

18 A

Server tower

450-550 W

20A

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Monitor
A computer display, monitor or screen is a
computer peripheral device capable of showing
still or moving images generated by a computer
and processed by a graphics card. Monitors
generally conform to one or more display
standards. Monitors can either be CRT (cathode
ray tube or LCD (liquid crystal display)

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CRT monitor
The original display technology, and still the most
popular, is cathode ray tube (CRT) technology
the same technology used in television sets.
CRTs consist of a vacuum tube enclosed in
glass. One end of the tube contains an electron
gun assembly that projects three electron
beams, one each for the red, green, and blue
phosphors used to create the colors you see
onscreen; the other end contains a screen with a
phosphorous coating.

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LCD monitor
LCD or flat panel computer
displays are the latest and
greatest offerings in the
desktop computer industry.
They have been used for years
in the portable and notebook
computing markets, but recent
developments have increase
performance and size while
reducing costs making them
viable in the desktop
environment. LCD displays are
lightweight, extremely thin and
use much less power than CRT
based monitors.
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Resolution is the amount of detail a monitor


can render. This quantity is expressed in the
number of horizontal and vertical picture
elements, or pixels, contained in the screen.
The greater the number of pixels, the more
detailed the images. The resolution required
depends on the application. Characterbased applications (such as DOS
command-line programs) require little
resolution, whereas graphics intensive
applications (such as desktop publishing
and Windows software) require a great deal.
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Casing
This is the box where all the components of
the PC are installed. Usually made of
plastic and metal. The case provides
electromagnetic insulation to keep radio
radiation within. It also offers structural
integrity for all the components in the
system. It also provide a hard mounting
point for all the components is the system,
keep the system cool by providing good
ventilation. Most of all, it defines the
cosmetic look of the system.
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The PC case also has form factors. These


includes:
Full Tower
Mid-Tower
Mini Tower
Desktop
Cube

Cube Cases are designed for


micro-ATX motherboards.

Different case form factors:


(right to left) desktop case, mini-tower, full-tower, mid-towers and LPX)

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Popular Software Used

Popular Software Used


Operating System
Windows Family
Windows 98, ME, XP, Vista
Windows 2000, 2003, 2007
Windows Longhorn
Linux Operating System
Linux XP Desktop
Mandriva
Ubuntu

Software Applications
Microsoft Office 2003, 2007
OpenOffice.Org
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Other Software
Anti-virus
Network and Computer Games

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Mandriva Linux
(formerly Mandrakelinux or Mandrake
Linux) is a Linux distribution created by
Mandriva (formerly Mandrakesoft).
The first release was based on Red
Hat Linux (version 5.1) and KDE
(version 1.0) in July 1998.
It has since diverged from Red Hat and
has included a number of original tools
mostly to ease system configuration.
Mandriva Linux (at the time named
Mandrake Linux) was originated by Gal
Duval, who was also a co-founder of
Mandrakesoft and was fired from the
company in 2006.

Mandriva Linux

Ubuntu
(official IPA
pronunciation /bnt/ (ooBOON-too)) is a
predominantly desktoporiented Linux distribution,
based on Debian
GNU/Linux but with a
stronger focus on usability,
regular releases, and ease
of installation.

Ubuntu Linux

Ubuntu is sponsored by Canonical Ltd, owned


by South African billionaire entrepreneur Mark
Shuttleworth.
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End of Part 1

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