Conditions For Germination

• Conditions required for germination are

the presence of:
(a) water
(b) air
(c) suitable temperature (heat)
 WATER
Water - is required for germination.
• Mature seeds are often extremely dry and
need to take in significant amounts of
water, relative to the seeds dry weight,
before cellular metabolism and growth can
resume.
• Most seeds respond best when there is
enough water to moisten the seeds
but not soak them.
2. Temperature –
• warmer temperatures enable
enzymes to work.

3. Air (Oxygen)
- enables seeds to respire
aerobically to supply energy for
growth
 How Do Angiosperms
(flowering plant) Reproduce
Asexually?
Vegetative organs are stems, leaves, and
Roots.
– Modification of vegetative organs make
vegetative reproduction (asexual) possible
 Vegetative Reproduction
• Is a type of asexual reproduction that produces a
new plant from a certain part of the parent plant
without involving seeds.
• Occurs through certain parts such as:
~ Rhizome ( Rizom)
~ Leaf ( Daun)
~ Tuber ( Tuber)
~ Stem ( Batang)
~ Runner ( Batang Rayap)
~ Bulb ( Bebawang)
~ Corm ( Umbisi)
~ Sucker ( Anak Pokok)
Tubers
Tubers are underground
food stores which stores
food over the winter and
provides a new plant with
food until it can make its
own.

Examples: potato,
artichoke, yam, cassava,
water chestnut, arrowroot

Food made by the new plant

Taro- is sent to make new tubers.
Japanese
potato
Thereby reproducing itself.
• Some form enlarged underground
stems called tubers (e.g., potatoes).
• They develop when specialized stem
branches grow down into the ground
and swell up with starch containing
cells. Buds on the tubers will grow
into new plants. Examine the potato
tuber and note the buds which are
commonly termed "eyes" (Figure 7).
 • Onions, chives
Bulbs and lilies over-
winter in the form
of a bulb.
• Each bulb has a
very short stem
which is
surrounded by
fleshy leaves.
– Bulbs and corms are Bulb of
short, vertical, Hippeastrum lily
underground stems.
• Bulbs have fleshy,
modified leaves for
food storage — a
large, underground
bud. These can give
rise to new plants,
(lilies, onions).
 Bulbs
• E.g. daffodils, lilies
Runners- Stolons

Runners are side shoots

which grow out from the
parent plant.
Buds form at points along
the runner and eventually
these buds form roots and
grow into new plants.

Examples: spider plant

(Anthericum), strawberry
(Fragaria x ananassa)
Runner
Runners (Stolons)
• These are
horizontally
growing stems that
produce few, if any,
leaves.

–horizontal stems that form roots

–at intervals and can develop into
new plants
– Rhizomes are horizontal underground stems
that give rise to new shoots.

www.texasbamboosociety.net
 Corms

• This structure is similar to bulbs except

that there are no storage leaves.
• The nutrients are, instead, stored in the
swollen stem.
• Corms – disc-like underground stems that
consist primarily of stem tissue.

Corms of crocuses (left) and

gladiolus (right)

www.backyardnature.net/pix
– Leaves can also be source of new
plantlets, as in Kalanchoe.

Vegetative reproduction:
Plantlets form at edge of leaf
of Kalanchoe
daigremontiana.
– Suckers
• are shoots produced by
roots.
• Many grasses and trees,
such as aspens form
interconnected stands of
genetically identical
individuals.
 Application of Vegetative Reproduction

• vegetative reproduction technology

includes:
(a) cutting (keratan)
(b) marcot (tut)
( c) Layering ( tut lentur)
(d) tissue culture ( Kultur tisu)
 Cuttings
• Cuttings: Cuttings are part of the plant
that is cut off of the parent plant. Shoots
with leaves attached are usually used.
New roots and leaves will grow from the
cutting. The shoot is cut at an angle. A
growth promoter may be used to help with
the growth of the roots.
 Cutting
Cuttings are small pieces of stem with some
leaves attached, the new plant grows from this.

They can be placed in moist

soil or water (and sometimes
dipped in rooting
powder).
MARCOT (TUT)
 Layering
• Layering: In layering a shoot of a parent
plant is bent until it can be covered by soil.
The tip of the shoot remains above
ground. New roots and eventually a new
plant will grow. These plants can then be
separated.
 Cutting
Cuttings are small pieces of stem with some
leaves attached, the new plant grows from this.

They can be placed in moist

soil or water (and sometimes
dipped in rooting
powder).
 Researchers are investigating ways to reproduce
plants by tissue culture.
– Many plant cells are tot potent — undifferentiated
cells can give rise to entire plants
– Culturing tiny bits of apical meristem can eliminate
plant viruses

Cattleya orchid

www.ppm4plant-tc.com/ http://members.tripod.com/~rsauleda/
– Treatment with hormones can cause apical
meristems to produce millions of plants in a
year
– Used for strawberries and potatoes to produce
virus-free plants

Tissue culture of
commercial
strawberries

http://www.noursefarms.com/images/staticPages/tour/tissueCulture.jpg
 Recombinant DNA also used with tissue
culture to produce plants with disease
resistance, increased nutritive value,
etc.
Golden Rice (right) is
bioengineered to produce
and accumulates pro-
vitamin A (β-carotene) in
the grain, often in short
supply in developing
countries.

www.goldenrice.org/image/