Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Dr.H.Gusbakti,MD, MSC,PKK,AIFM
Professor of Physiology
University Islamic Of North Sumatera
MUSCLE TISSUE
Muscles in human body
Specialised excitable tissues
~ 50 % body weight
Ability to contract
Contractions provide movements
Do work
Move body or limbs
Push, pull or hold an external load or object
Mix or move food through the gastrointestinal track
Pump blood out of the heart to the blood vessels
Contract uterus for birth of foetus
Micturition and defaecation
MUSCLE OF TYPE
Three types of
muscle:
1.Skeletal muscle
2.Cardiac muscle
3.Smooth muscle
MUSCLE OF TYPE
Cardiac Muscle
striated
involuntary
Cardiac Muscle
striated
involuntary
Smooth Muscle
non-striated
involuntary
Basic Characteristics of
Muscle Tissues
Excitability
Response to stimuli
Conductivity
Able to conduct action potential
Contractibility
Able to shorten in length
Extensibility
Stretches when pulled
Elasticity
Tends to return to original shape & length after
contraction or extension
Skeletal Muscle
Attached to bones & moves skeleton
Makes up 40% of BW in men and 32% of BW in women
Membranes of Skeletal
Muscle
Muscle surrounded by epimysium
Bundles of fibres(fascicles) surrounded by perimysium
Muscle fibresurrounded by endomysium
These connective tissues extend beyond the ends of
muscle to form tendons that attach muscle to bones
Electron Micrograph
of Skeletal Muscle
Sarcomere
The functional unit of skeletal muscle
Multi-protein complexes composed
different filament systems:
Thin filament system
Thick filament system
Sarcomere
sarcomere
Sarcomere
Sarcomere
Sarcomere
Sarcomere
Sarcomere
A band (dark band)
consists of a stacked set of thick filaments
H zone
The lighter area in the centre of A band where the thin filaments do not
overlap with thick filaments
M line
Consists of supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together
vertically within each stack
Z line
Consists of supporting proteins that hold the thin filaments together
vertically within each stack
Thin Filament
Actin
Spherical in shape, with a special binding site for attachment with
myosin cross bridge
Thin Filament
Thin Filament
TroponinComplex
Thick Filament
Each thick filament is composed of
several hundred myosin molecules
packed together
A single myosin protein looks like 2
golf clubs with shafts twisted about
one another
Myosin molecules have elongated
tails & globular heads
Heads form cross-bridges between
thick and thin filaments during
contraction
Thick Filament
Cross Bridges
Each cross bridge has two
important sites:
An
actin-binding site
A myosin ATPase site
Ca2+released from
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca2+binds to troponin C
Troponin turns, moves
tropomyosin & exposes actin
active site
Stiffness of death a
generalised locking in place of
skeletal muscle that begins 3 to 4
hours after death
Following death, [Ca2+]ibegins
to rise
This Ca2+moves the regulatory
proteins aside, permitting actin
bind with the myosin cross bridges,
which were already charged with
ATP before death
No fresh ATP available after
death, actin and myosin remain
bound in rigor complex
Resulting in stiffness condition
of dead muscles
potential: +30mV
Membran potensial(mV)
Membran potensial(mV)
Tension
Contraction time
The time from the onset of contraction
until peak tension is developed (average ~
50 msec)
Relaxation time
The time from peak tension until
relaxation (~ 50 msec or more)
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Refers to the series of events linking muscle
excitation (electrical events) to muscle contraction
(mechanical events)
Electrical events presence of action potential
Mechanical events cross-bridge activity
Electrical events come first before mechanical
events
Ca2+ is the link between excitation and contraction
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
The surface membrane at each
junction of A band and I band
dips into muscle fiber to form a
T tubule
Action potential on the surface
membrane spreads down into the
T tubule
The presence of local action
potential in T tubule induces
permeability changes in the
sarcoplasmicreticulum
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Release of Ca2+ from SR
When action potential is
propagated down the T tubules,
local depolarisation activates the
voltage-gated dihydropyridine
receptors in T tubule
These activated receptors in
turn trigger the opening of
Ca2+-release channels (alias
ryanodine receptors) in adjacent
lateral sacs of SR
Ca2+ is released into the
surrounding sarcoplasm