Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Topics
Geology
Classification of Rocks
Formation of Rocks
Temperature
Temperature and Temperature Gradient
Importance of Down hole Temperature Data
Pressure
Types of Pressures
Fundamental Pressure equations
Example Problems
Temas
Geologa
Clasificacin de las Rocas
Cmo se Forman las Rocas
Temperatura
Temperatura y Gradiente de Temperatura
Importancia de los Datos de Temperatura del Fondo de
Pozo
Presin
Tipos de Presin
Ecuaciones Principales de Presin
Problemas de ejemplo
Geology
Geologa
3 Classification of Rocks
Rock-forming Source of
process
material
IGNEOU
S
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Weathering and
erosion of rocks
exposed at surface
Crystallization
(Solidification of melt)
Sedimentation, burial
and lithification
Recrystallization in
solid state of new
minerals
Origen
Proceso de
Form.de rocas del material
IGNEAS
Fundicin de rocas
en la corteza caliente
profunda
y en el manto superior
Cristalizacin
(Solidificacin de la
fundicin)
SEDIMENTARIAS
METAMRFICAS
Igneous Rocks
Basalt
Gabbro
Examples
Rhyolite
Granite
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Rocas gneas
Basalto
Gabro
Ejemplos
Riolita
Granito
10
Breccia
Examples
Sandstone
Shale
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Brecha
Ejemplos
Arenisca
Arcilla12de
Pizarra
Metamorphic Rocks
Examples
Mica schist
Marble
Gneiss
Slate
Quartzite
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Rocas Metamrficas
Ejemplos
Micacita
Mrmol
Gneis
Pizarra
Cuarcita
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Erosin
Transporte y sedimentacin
Formacin de
sedimentos
Levantamiento
Enterramiento y
litificacin
Levantamiento
Roca
gnea
Roca
sedimentaria
Calor y presin
Calor y presin
Enfriamiento
Roca metamrfica
Parte Caliente del
Ciclo
Fundicin
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Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks have three sources.
1.
2.
3.
Rocas Sedimentarias
Las rocas sedimentarias tienen tres orgenes.
1.
2.
3.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Relative Abundance of
Sedimentary Rocks
Shales, dominant
sedimentary rock, 75%
of the total.
Sandstones,
conglomerates, 11% of
the total.
Limestones, dolomites
12%
El resto representa
alrededor del 1%.
Areniscas y
conglomerados
Piedras clizas y
dolomitas
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Presin y Temperatura
La Presin y la Temperatura son
formas de energa almacenada.
Ambas afectan las propiedades fsicas
y qumicas de las rocas y de los
fluidos contenidos en stas.
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Temperature
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Temperatura
26
Importance of Downhole
Temperature Data
Beneficial to fluid recovery - reduces
However, not beneficial to drilling operations
Higher temperature has adverse effects on drilling
hardware and materials
Mud treating chemicals and clays become ineffective or
unstable at high temperature; causes cement thickening
Temperatura
Lodo
Parte superior
del cemento
Profundidad
Cemento
34
35
Temperatura
Temperatura de
circulacin del lodo
Temperatura
momentnea del
lodo despus de
detener la
circulacin
Gradiente
Geotrmica
Profundidad
de
Penetracin
de la
Perforacin
Pressure
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Presin
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Pressure
Major sources of pressure are earthquakes
Compression and tension effects on rocks
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Presin
Los orgenes principales de la presin son los
terremotos
Efectos de la compresin y tensin en las rocas
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Types of Pressure
Pressure can be normal, abnormal, subnormal
All pressures (except abnormal) can be measured
with self-contained pressure bombs
Static or Circulation
Static is due to fluid at rest
Circulation includes frictional pressure loss due to
viscosity of the fluid
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Tipos de Presin
La presin puede ser normal, anormal, subnormal
Se pueden medir todas las presiones (excepto la anormal)
con bombas de presin de autocontencin
Esttica o Circulacin
La esttica se produce cuando los fluidos no se mueven
La circulacin incluye la prdida de presin de friccin
causada por la viscosidad del fluido
Types of Pressure
Fracture pressure/fracture gradient
This is a pressure at which a rock fails
Fp < Poverburden
uncontrolled breakdown of a rock leads to
loss circulation a kick blowout
Effective stress
= confining pressure - pore pressure
= confining pressure - overburden stress
Pc = s - Pp
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Tipos de Presin
Presin de fractura/gradiente de fractura
Esta es la presin a la que falla la roca
Fp < Pcubertura
La rotura no controlada de una roca causa la
prdida de circulacin un golpe de presin
un reventn
Tensin efectiva
= presin de confinamiento presin de poro
= presin de confinamiento presin de
cubertura
Pc = s - P p
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Profundidad
Presin
46
47
Profundidad
Zona de
transicin de
presin
Presin
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Overpressure Prediction
While Planning
Overpressure predictions
are determined from the
following:
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Prediccin de Sobrepresin
durante la Planificacin
Interpretacin ssmica.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
For gases
P2 = P1xe(0.01875xGxh/ZavgxTavg) (psi)
G is gas gravity, h is ft,Tavg is in oR
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Para gases
P2 = P1xe(0.01875xGxh/ZavgxTavg) (psi)
G es la gravedad del gas, h est en pies, Tavg est en oR
56
Example 1
A protective string of casing was set and cemented at the depth of
3,000 ft. A blowout preventer was mounted on top of the casing to seal
the annular space between the casing and the drill pipe. The drilling
fluid at this time weighs 9.2 lbm/gal (ppg). Assuming that the formation
can only hold 70% of the theoretical overburden pressure, how much
pressure can be held against the well by the blowout preventer?
Solution:
Assumed bottomhole breakdown pressure at 3,000 ft
= (0.70)(1 psi/ft)(3,000 ft)
= 2,100 psi
Hydrostatic mud pressure
= (0.052)(9.2 lbm/gal)(3,000 ft) = 1,435 psi
Pressure that can be held by blowout preventer
= 2,100 psi - 1,435 psi
= 665 psi.
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Ejemplo 1
Se coloc y encement una sarta protectora de revestimiento a una
profundidad de 3.000 pies. Se coloc un preventor de reventones
encima del revestimiento para sellar el espacio anular entre el
revestimiento y la tubera de perforacin. En ese momento el fluido de
perforacin pesaba 9.2 lbm/gal (ppg). Si se asume que la formacin
solamente podr sostener 70% de la presin de cubertura terica,
cunta presin puede soportar el preventor de reventones contra el
pozo?
Solucin:
Presin asumida de rotura de fondo de pozo a 3.000 pies
= (0.70)(1 psi/pie)(3.000 pies)
= 2.100 psi
Presin hidrosttica de lodo
= (0.052)(9.2 lbm/gal)(3.000 pies)
= 1.435 psi
Presin que puede soportar el preventor de reventones
= 2.100 psi 1.435 psi
= 665 psi.
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Example 2
A formation is to be hydraulically fractured at the depth of 9,000
ft. The fracturing fluid has a specific gravity of 0.85. If the
formation breaks down at 80% of the theoretical overburden
pressure, what pump pressure will be required for the
breakdown?
Solution
Expected formation breakdown pressure
= (0.80)(1 psi/ft)(9,000 ft)
= 7,200 psi
Hydrostatic pressure of the fracturing fluid
= (0.433 psi/ft) (0.85) (9,000 ft) = 3,312 psi
Required pump pressure = expected formation breakdown
pressure - hydrostatic pressure
= 7,200 psi - 3,312 psi
= 3,888 psi
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Ejemplo 2
Se fracturar hidrulicamente una formacin a una profundidad
de 9.000 pies. El fluido de fracturacin tiene una gravedad
especfica de 0.85. Si la formacin se rompe a un 80% de la
presin de cubertura terica, qu presin de bomba se
requerir para efectuar la rotura?
Solucin:
Presin esperada de rotura de formacin
= (0.80)(1 psi/pie)(9.000 pies)
= 7.200 psi
Presin hidrosttica del fluido de fracturacin
= (0.433 psi/pie) (0.85) (9.000 pies)
= 3.312 psi
Presin requerida de bomba = presin esperada de rotura de
formacin presin hidrosttica
= 7.200 psi - 3.312 psi
= 3.888 psi
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Example 3
A formation has a pressure of 3720 psi at 8,000-ft. The
operator desires to have a safety allowance of 600 psi
opposite the formation. What is the required density of
the drilling mud?
Solution:
Rearranging the Equation P = 0.052 x G x h
we have,
G = P/(0.052 x h) (lbm/gal)
P = formation pressure + the safety allowance
= 3720 + 600 = 4320 psi
G = 4320/(0.052 x 8,000) = 10.4 lbm/gal
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Ejemplo 3
Una formacin tiene una presin de 3720 psi a 8.000pies. El operador desea tener un margen de seguridad
de 600 psi en el lado opuesto a la formacin. Cul es
la densidad requerida del lodo de perforacin?
Solucin:
Al modificar la ecuacin P = 0.052 x G x h
obtenemos:
G = P/(0.052 x h) (lbm/gal)
P = presin de la formacin + margen de seguridad
= 3720 + 600 = 4320 psi
G = 4320/(0.052 x 8,000) = 10.4 lbm/gal
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