LS-Dyna and ANSYS Calculations of

Shocks in Solids

Goran Skoro
University of Sheffield

Contents:
Intro
PART I
Some history

C. J. Densham (RAL),
UKNF Meeting,
January 2005.

ANSYS results
PART II
LS-Dyna results

NFTarget
Testmeasurements(currentpulse;tantalumwire)

Summary

Introduction
NF R&D Proposal

The target is bombarded at up 50 Hz by a proton beam

consisting of ~1ns long bunches in a pulse of a few
micro-s length.

The target material exposed to the beam will be ~

20cm long and ~2cm in diameter.

Energy density per pulse ~ 300 J/cc.

Knowledge of material properties and stress effects:

measurements and simulations!

Thermally induced shock (stress) in target material

(tantalum).

Codes used for study of shock waves

Specialist codes eg used by Fluid Gravity Engineering Limited

Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) codes (developed for
military)

Developedfordynamice.g.impactproblems
ALEnotrelevant?Usefulforlargedeformationswheremeshwouldbecome
highlydistorted
Expensiveandspecialised

LS-Dyna

UsesExplicitTimeIntegration(ALEmethodisincluded)
suitablefordynamice.g.Impactproblems

ShouldbesimilartoFluidGravitycode

ANSYS

UsesImplicitTimeIntegration

SuitableforQuasistaticproblems

Implicit vs Explicit Time Integration

Explicit Time Integration (used by LS Dyna)

Central Difference method used

Accelerations (and stresses) evaluated
Accelerations -> velocities -> displacements
Small time steps required to maintain stability
Can solve non-linear problems for non-linear materials
Best for dynamic problems

Implicit vs Explicit Time Integration

Implicit Time Integration (used by ANSYS) -

Finite Element method used

Non-linear materials can be used to solve static problems

Average acceleration calculated

Displacements evaluated
Always stable but small time steps needed to capture
transient response

Can solve non-linear (transient) problems

but only for linear material properties
Best for static or quasi static problems

PART I

Hydrocode (FGE) and ANSYS results

Study by Alec Milne, Fluid Gravity Engineering

Limited
The y axis is radius (metres)

Cylindrical bar 1cm in radius is heated instantaneously

from 300K to 2300K and left to expand

Study by Alec Milne

Fluid Gravity Engineering Limited
Alec Milne:
We find that these models predict there is the potential for a
problem []. These results use 4 different material models.
All of these show that the material expands and then
oscillates about an equilibrium position. The oscillations
damp down but the new equilibrium radius is 1.015cm. i.e. an
irreversible expansion of 150 microns has taken place. The
damping differs from model to model. The key point is all
predict damage.

ANSYS benchmark study: same conditions as Alec

Milne/FGES study i.e.T = 2000 K

The y axis is radial deflection (metres)

C. J. Densham (RAL)

Comparison between Alec Milne/FGES and ANSYS

results
Alec Milne/
FGES

ANSYS

Amplitude of
initial radial
oscillation

100 microns

120 microns

Radial
oscillation
period

7.5 micro-s

8.3 micro-s

Mean
expansion

150 microns

160 microns

Elastic shock waves in a candidate solid Ta

neutrino factory target

10 mm diameter tantalum cylinder

300 J/cc/pulse peak power (Typ. for 4 MW proton

beam depositing 1 MW in target)

Pulse length = 1 ns

10 mm diameter proton beam (parabolic distribution

for simplicity)

Elastic shock waves in a candidate solid Ta

neutrino factory target

Temperature jump
after 1 ns pulse
(Initial temperature =
2000K )

C. J. Densham (RAL)

Elastic shock waves in a candidate solid Ta

neutrino factory target
Elastic stress waves in 1 cm diameter Ta
cylinder over 10 s after instantaneous
(1ns) pulse
Stress (Pa) at : centre (purple) and
outer radius (blue)

C. J. Densham (RAL)

PART II

LS-Dyna results

General purpose explicit dynamic finite element

program

Used to solve highly nonlinear transient dynamics

problems

Advancedmaterialmodelingcapabilities

Robustforverylargedeformationanalyses

LS-Dyna solver

Fastestexplicitsolverinmarketplace

Morefeaturesthananyotherexplicitcode

Material model used in the analysis

Temperature Dependent Bilinear Isotropic Model

'Classical'inelasticmodel

Nonlinear
Uses2slopes(elastic,plastic)forrepresentingofthestressstrain
curve

Inputs:density,Young'smodulus,CTE,Poisson'sratio,temperature
dependentyieldstress,...

Element type: LS-Dyna Explicit Solid

Material: TANTALUM

Study by Alec Milne, Fluid Gravity

Engineering Limited

LS-Dyna

[m]

~190 microns

[s]
Cylindrical bar 1cm in radius is heated instantaneously
from 300K to 2300K and left to expand

ANSYS

First studies

Because the target will be bombarded at up 50 Hz by a

proton beam consisting of ~1ns long bunches in a pulse
of a few micro-s length we have studied:

The effect of having different number of bunches in a

pulse;

The effect of having longer bunches (2 or 3 ns);

The effect of different length of a pulse.

Geometry: NF target
Tinitial = 2000K
Boundary conditions: free
20cm

Uniform thermal load of 100K

2cm

(equivalent energy density of ~ 300 J/cc)

~10-20% effect
< 3% effect

Characteristic time = radius / speed of sound in the tantalum

< 1% effect

longer macro-pulse

~ RAL proton driver

BUT,
- At high temperatures material data is scarce
- Hence, need for experiments to determine material model
data (J.R.J. Bennett talk):
-

Current pulse through wire (equivalent to ~ 300 J/cc);

Use VISAR to measure surface velocity;

Use results to 'extract' material properties at high

temperatures...

and test material 'strength' under extreme conditions....

heater

to pulsed
power supply

insulators

to pulsed
power supply
test wire

to vacuum pump

watercooledvacuumchamber

Schematic diagram of the test chamber and heater oven.

Doing the Test

J. R. J. Bennet

The ISIS Extraction Kicker Pulsed Power Supply

Exponential with 20 ns
risetime fitted to the
waveform

Voltage
waveform

Time, 100 ns intervals

Rise time: ~100 ns
Flat Top: ~500 ns

ms

Radial displacement of tantalum wire after 2 micro-s

Tinitial : 2000K
Temperature rise: 100K in 1 micro-s
[mm]

heat input stops

Summary

Results (NF):

The effect of having different number of bunches (n) in

a pulse: at the level of 10-20% when n=1 -> n=10

The effect of having longer bunches (2 or 3 ns): No

The effect of different length of a pulse: Yes

Results (test, wire):

Estimate of surface velocities needed for VISAR

measurements