MODULE 19

Machine Guarding

What hazards exist?

Crushed by or drawn into equipment
Struck by moving parts
Struck by failed components or particles

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Key parts of machines

1. Point of operation: where work is
performed on the material, such as cutting,
shaping, boring, or forming of stock.
2. Power Transmission Device: transmits
energy to the part of the machine performing
the work

Includes flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting

rods, couplings, cams, spindles, chains, cranks,
and gears.
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Key parts of machines

3. Operation Controls: Control
mechanisms
4. Other moving parts: can include
reciprocating, rotating, and transverse
moving parts, feed mechanisms, and
auxiliary parts of the machine

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Hazards to be Guarded
Things to guard include

In-running nip points

Rotating equipment
Flying chips or sparks
Belts or gears
Parts that impact or shear

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Rotating Parts
Can grip hair or clothing
Can force the body into a dangerous
position
Projecting pieces increase risk

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In-Running Nip Points

Between 2 rotating parts
Between rotating and tangential parts
Between rotating and fixed parts which
shear, crush, or abrade

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Reciprocating Parts
Risk of being struck between stationary
and moving part

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Transverse motion
Continuous straight line motion
Worker struck or caught in pinch or
shear point

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Cutting action
Direct injury from cutting action
Flying chips or sparks
Saws, drills, lathes, mills

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Punching action
Ram stamps materials
Danger at point of operation

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Shearing action
Powered blade that shears materials
Hazard at point of operation

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Bending action
Power applied to a slide to stamp/shape
materials
Hazard at point of operation

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Guarding Principles
Prevent contact between hazardous moving
parts and body or clothing
Secure guard: not easily removed
Protect from objects falling into machinery
No new hazards: sharp/rough edges
No interference with job/comfort/speed
Allow safe lubrication: without removing
guards if possible
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Guarding Methods
Location / distance
Guards

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Fixed
Interlocked
Adjustable
Self-adjusting

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Guarding Methods
Devices
Presence sensing
Pullback
Restraint
Safety controls (tripwire cable, two-hand
control, etc.)
Gates

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Guarding Methods
Feeding & ejection methods
Automatic and/or semi-automatic feed and
ejection

Robots
Miscellaneous aids
Awareness barriers
Protective shields
Hand-feeding tools
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Fixed Guard
Barrier is a
permanent part of
machine
Preferable over other
types

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Interlocked Guard
Stops motion when guard is opened or
removed
Interlocked
guard on
revolving drum

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Adjustable Guard
Barrier may
be adjusted
for variable
operations
What are the
drawbacks?

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Bandsaw blade
adjustable guard

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Self-Adjusting Guard
Adjusts according to size/position of
material
Circular table saw
self-adjusting guard

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Pullback Device
Cables attached to
operators hands or
wrists
Removes hands
from point of
operation during
danger period
What are the
drawbacks?
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Restraint Device
Cables attached to
fixed point and
wrists or hands
Adjustable to let
hands travel in
predetermined area
May be
accompanied by
hand-feeding tools
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Safety Tripwire Cable

Device located
around the
perimeter of or
near the danger
area
Operator must be
able to reach the
cable to stop the
machine
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Two-Hand Control
Requires constant
pressure on both
pads to activate
the machine
Hands on controls
at safe distance
while machine is
in dangerous
cycle
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Gate
Must close fully to protect user before
cycle will start

Gate Open
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Gate Closed
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Safeguarding by
Location/Distance
Location of hazardous parts that is
inaccessible or not a hazard during
normal operation
Must maintain safe distance
Training, warning, communication
necessary

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Protective Shields
Protection from flying particles or
splashing fluids
Do not protect
completely from
machine hazards

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What regulations apply?

29 CFR 1910 Subpart O
29 CFR 1910 Subpart P for hand and
portable power tools
API RP 54 6.8 Machinery and Tools

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29 CFR 1910 SUBPART O

Machinery and Machine Guarding

Organization
211.Definitions
212.General requirements for all machines
213.Woodworking machinery requirements
215.Abrasive wheel machinery
216.Mills and calenders in the rubber and
plastics industries
217.Mechanical power presses
218.Forging machines
219.Mechanical power-transmission apparatus
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29 CFR 1910.212

General Requirements

1910.212(a) Machine guarding

1. One or more types of guarding to
protect from hazards.

Barrier guards
Two-hand tripping devices
Electronic safety devices
Etc.

2. Affixed to machine where possible

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Guard must not cause its own hazard

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1910.212(a) Machine guarding

3.

Point of operation guarding:

ii.

Guarded if exposes employee to injury

iii.
iv.

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According to standards or
Keep any part of body out of danger zone

Hand tools to permit material handling

in addition to guards, not instead
Examples of machines requiring guards
on point of operation
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1910.212(a) Machine guarding

4. Revolving barrels, drums, containers
guarded by interlocked enclosure
(cannot turn without guard in place)
5. Exposure to fan blades: guard
openings 1/2 inch

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1910.212(b) Anchoring fixed

machinery
Machines designed for fixed location
must be anchored to prevent moving
This pedestal grinder is
designed for anchoring,
but is not anchored

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29 CFR 1910.215

Abrasive Wheel Machinery

1910.215(a) General
requirements
Abrasive wheels
must be guarded,
with exceptions
Guard design
dependent on type
of work and type of
wheel

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1910.215(a) General
requirements
Work rests:
Rigid, clamped in place securely
Adjusted to within 1/8 inch of wheel
Never adjusted while in motion
Work rest is closely
adjusted

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1910.215(b)(9) Exposure
adjustment
For type where operator
stands in front of
opening: Adjustable for
decreasing wheel size
Adjustable tongue
guard must never be
more than inch from
wheel

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1910.215(d) Mounting
Inspect for damage and ring test
immediately before mounting
Tap with light nonmetallic implement
(screwdriver, wooden mallet)
If sound is dead, cracked ring may not be
used

Check spindle speed against maximum

for wheel
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Ring Test

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29 CFR 1910.219

Mechanical Power-Transmission
Apparatus

Organization of 1910.219
(a) General requirements
(b) Prime-mover guards
(1) Flywheels
(2) Cranks and connecting rods
(3) Tail rods or extension piston rods

(c) Shafting
(d) Pulleys
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Organization of 1910.219
(e) Belt, rope, and chain drives
(f) Gears, sprockets, and chains
(g) Guarding friction drives
(h) Keys, setscrews, and other projections
(i) Collars and couplings
(j) Bearings and facilities for oiling
(k) Guarding of clutches, cutoff couplings,
and clutch pulleys
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Organization of 1910.219
(l) Belt shifters, clutches, shippers, poles,
perches, and fasteners
(m) Standard guards-general
requirements
(o) Approved materials
(p) Care of equipment

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Machine Guarding

Hazards on Oil and Gas Sites

Parts Requiring Guarding

Drive belts and shafts mud pumps
and tank area
Pony rods
Rotating parts
Shale shaker
Agitator shafts & couplings
Moving generator parts
(explore)
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Mud Pumps

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Shale Shaker

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Generators

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Parts Requiring Guarding

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Air compressors
Crown sheaves
Kelly bushing or controls
Rotary chain drive
Air hoist line
Drawworks
Bench grinder wheels
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Crown Sheaves

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Kelly and Bushing

Alternative Abatement:
STD 1-12.28 CH-1

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Drawworks

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Parts Requiring Guarding

Belts, drive chains, gears and drives on
power and hand tools
Traveling blocks
Sheaves
Cathead?

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Drilling Line

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Traveling Block

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Hoisting Line

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Machine Guarding

Safety Responsibilities

Safety Responsibilities
Management:
Ensure all machinery is properly guarded

Supervisors:
Train employees on specific guard rules in their areas
Ensure machine guards remain in place and are
functional
Immediately correct machine guard deficiencies

Employees:
Do not remove guards unless machine is locked and
tagged
Report machine guard problems to supervisors
immediately
Do not operate equipment unless guards are in place
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Training
Operators/affected employees should receive
training on:
Hazards associated with particular machines
How the safeguards provide protection and the
hazards for which they are intended
How and why to use the safeguards
How and when safeguards can be removed and
by whom
What to do if a safeguard is damaged, missing, or
unable to provide adequate protection
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29 CFR 1910 Subpart P and 1926 Subpart I

Hand and Portable Power Tools

Construction vs. General

Industry
Construction, alteration, or repair?
Applicable standard depends on type of
operations:
1910 Subpart P: Hand and Portable
Powered Tools and Other Hand-Held
Equipment
1926 Subpart I: Tools Hand and Power

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1910.242 General
Employer is responsible for safe
condition of tools and equipment
Including equipment furnished by
employee

Compressed air must not be used for

cleaning unless:
Reduced to <30 p.s.i.
Only with effective chip guarding and PPE
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1910.243(a) Portable powered

tools

Portable circular saws >2 in. guarded

Switches and controls:

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Automatic return to covering position

constant pressure control for circular and
chain saws
other controls for other tools as
appropriate

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1910.243(a) Portable powered

tools
Portable belt sanding machine guarding
Nip points
Unused run of sanding belt

Cracked saws: remove from service

Grounding: Meet Subpart S

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1910.243(b) Pneumatic powered

tools and hose
Tool retainer to prevent ejection
Airhose designed for applied pressure
and service

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1910.243 Guarding of portable

powered tools
c. Portable abrasive wheels:

Must be guarded
Ring test and inspection

d. Explosive actuated fastening tools

e. Power lawnmowers

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Guarding
Controls and shutoff device
Labeling, manuals
Design
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1910.244 Other portable tools

and equipment
a. Jacks

Loading and marking

Operation and maintenance

b. Abrasive blast cleaning nozzles:

operating valve and support

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1926.300 General requirements

Maintained in safe condition whether
furnished by employer or employee
Shall be guarded when designed to
accommodate guards
Moving parts that create hazards shall
be guarded by one or more methods
Fan openings; anchoring machinery
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1926.300 General requirements

Abrasive wheel guards
PPE if necessary for objects, particles,
gases
Allowable switches by tool type

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1926.301 Hand tools

Use of unsafe hand tools not
permitted
Wrenches shall not be used when
jaws are sprung to the point of
slippage
Including adjustable, pipe, end &
socket wrenches

Impact tools shall be kept free of

mushroomed heads
Such as drift pins, wedges & chisels

Wooden handles shall be kept

Free of splinters or cracks
Tight in the tool
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1926.302 Power-operated hand

tools
Electric power-operated tools
Double-insulated or grounded
Never hold by the cord

Pneumatic power-operated tools

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Secure tools, attachments, and muzzle

Compressed air use restrictions
Never hold by the hose
Reduce pressure in case of hose failure
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1926.302 Power-operated hand

tools
Fuel operated tools
Stop while refueling or servicing
Watch concentrations in enclosed spaces

Hydraulic power tools

Fire-resistant fluids
Safe operating pressures

Powder-actuated tools
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1926 Subpart I Organization

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1926.303 Abrasive wheels and tools

1926.304 Woodworking tools
1926.305 Jacks
1926.306 Air receivers
1926.307 Mechanical powertransmission apparatus

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