Technical Aspects of Biodiesel Production

Workshop INMETRO
Measurement and Standards for Biofuels: Enabling a Transition from
Petroleum as a Vehicular Energy Source
Rio de Janeiro, September 14th, 2006

Expedito Jos de S Parente, Jr.

Technical Director
20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

What is
Biodiesel?

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Definition

It is a renewable fuel, composed by fatty acid

methyl (or ethyl) esters, produced by a
transesterification reaction between vegetable oil
or animal fats and methanol (or ethanol).

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Industrial
Production
of
Biodiesel
20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Sources of Raw Materials

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2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

What is Plural Biodiesel ?

Biodiesel production from any kind of vegetable oil, animal fat or lipidic residues.

Use of methanol or ethanol as transesterifying agent.

Biodiesel production in a small, medium e large scale, regarding the regional

motivations.

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Productivity of Vegetable Oils

Nature

Yield
(kg/ha.year)

Oil Content
(%)

Productivity
(kg seed./ha.year)

Soya

560

20

2.800

Nabo forrageiro

240

30

800

Castor Bean

470

47

1.000

SunflowerIntra-harvest

572

44

1.300

Sunflower summer

792

44

1.800

Cotton seed

361

19

1.900

Rapeseed

713

38

1.876

Peanutdry region

563

45

1.251

Peanutwet region

788

45

1.751

source: Embrapa

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

What is the Technical Difference

among Raw Materials?

Nome

N C

N Duplas

Yield per hectare

Caprlico

08

Cost & Price

Cprico

10

Lurico

12

Mirstico

14

Nature of Impurities

Palmtico

16

Composition of Fatty Acids

Esterico 18

Araqudico 20

Number of Carbons

Olico

18

Number of Double Bonds

Linolico

18

Presence of Chemical Groups

Linolnico 18

Ricinolico 18

1 + OH

Employability

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2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Biodiesel in Brazil
December 2004 ANP 42/04 Biodiesel specification and
authorization of its use.
Federal Laws developing production and use of biodiesel.
taxes incentives associated with fomentation of family agriculture.
starting in 2006: addition to diesel oil of all biodiesel available from family
agriculture is mandatory.
addition in diesel oil of 2% of biodiesel in 2008 and 5% in 2013 is
mandatory.
Demand of 800.000 tons. in 2008 e 2.500.000 tons. in 2013.

Installed Capacity:
2005: ~ 50.000 tons/year
2006: ~ 600.000 tons/year
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2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Block Diagram of
Industrial Process

CATALYST PREPARATION

RAW MATERIAL PRE-TREATMENT

TRANSESTERIFICATION

SEPARATION OF PHASES

BIODIESEL
PURIFICATION

DEHYDRATION OF
ALCOHOL

RECOVERING OF
ALCOHOL EXCESS

CRUDE GLYCERINA

BIODIESEL

INDUSTRIAL
FACILITIES

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

What is the Difference Among Biodiesel

Production Technologies ?
Required Quality of Raw Materials
Mass and Energy Balance
Quantity and Quality of By-Products.
Quantity and Quality of Residues.
Operational Aspects of the Process:
Process Control
Maintenance
Dynamic and Stability of the Process
Flexibility

Investments vs. Scope

Guarantees
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2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Comparative Evaluation among

International Specifications
ANP 42/2004 ASTM D6751 EN 14214

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

ANP 42/2004

EN 14214

ASTM D6751

METHOD
PROPERTIES

Type

ABNT NBR

ASTM D

EN/ISO
-

UNT

LIMIT

LIMIT

LIMIT

LII

NE

NE

kg/m3

Anotar (1)

NE

NE

Aspect

Density @ 20C

7148, 14065

1298,
4052

Kinematical Viscosity @ 40C,

10441

445

EN ISO
3104

mm2/s

Anotar (1)

3,5 - 5,0

1,9 - 6,0

Water, max. (2)

2709

% v/v

0,05

500 mg/kg

500 mg/kg

Total Contamination (3)

EN 12662

mg/kg

Anotar

24

NE

Flash Point, min.

14598

93

EN
ISO3679

100

120

130

Ester Content (3)

EN 14103

% w/w

Anotar

96,5

NE

Distillation; 90% vol. recovered,

max.

1160

360

NE

360

Carbon Residue of 100%

distillated, max.

4530, 189

EN ISO
10370,

% w/w

0,1

NE

0,05

Ashes, max.

9842

874

ISO 3987

% w/w

0,02

0,02

0,02

Total Sulfur (3)

4294,
5453

EN ISO
14596

% w/w

Anotar

10 mg/kg

15 mg/kg

Na + K, mx

EN 14108,
EN
14109

mg/kg

10

NE

Ca + Mg (3)

EN 14538

mg/kg

Anotar

NE

Phosphorus
20
May,(3)2006

mg/kg

Anotar

Biodiesel
10

4951
ENBiofuel
14107
2006 Eastern

in the10
Plural

PORTARIA ANP 42/2004

EN 14214

ASTM D6751

MTODO
CARACTERSTICA

Tipo
ABNT NBR

ASTM D

EN/ISO

UND

LIMITE

LIMITE

LIMITE

Corrosividade ao cobre, 3h a 50
C, mx.

14359

130

EN ISO 2160

Nmero de Cetano (3)

613

EN ISO 5165

Anotar

51

47

Ponto de entupimento de filtro a

frio, mx. (1)

14747

6371

-7

ndice de acidez, mx.

14448

664

Glicerina livre, mx.

6584 (4)

Glicerina total, mx.

6584 (4)

Monoglicerdeos (3) .

6584 (4)

Diglicerdeos (3)

6584 (4)

Triglicerdeos (3)

6584 (4)

Metanol ou Etanol, mx.

ndice de Iodo (3)

EN 14104
mg KOH/g
(4)
EN 14105
% massa
(4)
EN
EN 14105
% massa
(4)
EN 14105
% massa
(4)
EN 14105
% massa
(4)
EN 14105
% massa
(4)
EN 14110
% massa
(4)

EN 14111 (4)

EN 14112
(4)

NE

0,8

0,5

0,8

0,02

0,02

0,02

0,38

0,25

0,24

Anotar

0,8

NE

Anotar

0,2

NE

Anotar

0,2

NE

0,5

0,2

NE

Anotar

120

NE

NE

% massa

NE

12

NE

% massa

NE

NE

Massa especfica a 15C

kg/m3

NE

860 - 900

NE

Resduo de carbono dos 10%

20 da
May,
2006
finais
destilao,
mx.

Estabilidade oxidao a
110C, mn
ster metlico de cido linolico,
mx.
ster metlico de cido
polinsaturado (>= 4

2006 Eastern Biofuel

NE

Biodiesel in theNE
Plural
0,3

Notes
NE Absent on the specification.
(1) The mixture biodiesel/diesel oil must reach the diesel oil
specification (ANP 310).
(2) The method EN ISO12937 can be used to analyze water,
since the analysis and the register of the value using the
method ASTM D 2709 be applied too.
(3) Properties to be analyzed every three months.
(4) The referred methods demand validation for some specie
of raw material and for ethyl esters.
N Property related to the NATURE of raw material.
P Property related to quality of the PROCESS.
20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Properties related to the

performance of the PROCESS

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

PORTARIA ANP 42/2004

CARACTERSTICA

ABNT NBR

MTODO
ASTM D

EN/ISO

UND

LIMITE

Aspecto

LII

gua e sedimentos, mx. (2)

2709

% volume

0,05

Contaminao Total (3)

EN 12662

mg/kg

Anotar

14598

93

EN ISO3679

100

EN 14103

% massa

Anotar

4530, 189

EN ISO
10370,

% massa

0,1

9842

874

ISO 3987

% massa

0,02

Enxofre total (3)

4294, 5453

% massa

Anotar

Sdio + Potssio, mx

mg/kg

10

Clcio + Magnsio (3)

EN 14538

mg/kg

Anotar

Fsforo (3)

4951

EN 14107

mg/kg

Anotar

Corrosividade ao cobre, 3h a 50 C, mx.

14359

130

EN ISO 2160

ndice de acidez, mx.

14448

664

mg KOH/g

0,8

Glicerina livre, mx.

6584 (4)

% massa

0,02

Glicerina total, mx.

6584 (4)

% massa

0,38

Monoglicerdeos (3) .

6584 (4)

% massa

Anotar

Diglicerdeos (3)

6584 (4)

% massa

Anotar

Triglicerdeos (3)

6584 (4)

% massa

Anotar

Biodiesel
% massa

in the
0,5Plural

Ponto de fulgor, mn.

Teor de ster (3)
Resduo de carbono dos 100% destilados,
mx.
Cinzas sulfatadas, mx.

20 May, 2006

Metanol ou Etanol, mx.

2006 Eastern
Biofuel

EN ISO
14596
EN 14108,
EN 14109

EN 14104
(4)
EN 14105
(4)
EN
EN 14105
(4)
EN 14105
(4)
EN 14105
(4)
EN 14105
(4)
EN 14110
(4)

Properties related to the

NATURE of raw material

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

PORTARIA ANP 42/2004

MTODO
CARACTERSTICA

UND

LIMITE

kg/m3

Anotar (1)

ABNT NBR

ASTM D

7148, 14065

1298, 4052

10441

445

EN ISO 3104

mm2/s

Anotar (1)

Destilao; 90% vol. recuperados, mx.

1160

360

Nmero de Cetano (3)

613

EN ISO 5165

Anotar

14747

6371

-7

ndice de Iodo (3)

EN 14111 (4)

Estabilidade oxidao a 110C, mn

EN 14112 (4)

Massa especfica a 20C

Viscosidade Cinemtica a 40C,

Ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio, mx. (1)

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2006 Eastern Biofuel

EN/ISO

Anotar

Biodiesel in the Plural

Conclusions
Flexibility for a Multi-Feedstock Biodiesel Production
Establishment of Limits Anotar (Just Note) for the properties that its
analytical METHOD or even its LIMIT is still un-defined due to the
diversified raw material nature.
Control that the blend biodiesel/diesel oil (BX) must reach totally the
specification of diesel oil (ANP 310).

METHOD: Incentive for development of analytical methods for multifeedstock purpose.

LIMIT: Necessity of blend of among biodiesel from different raw material
to reach American and European specifications.
20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Biodiesel Blends - Density

0.93

0.92

0.91

Density 20oC/4oC

0.9
(1)Castor - (2)Cotton
(1)Soya - (2)Castor
(1)Rapeseed - (2)Castor
(1)Soya - (2)Rapeseed

0.89

Lower Limit EN 14214

Upper Limit EN 14214
0.88

0.87

0.86

0.85
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

(1)/(2), %

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Biodiesel Blends - Viscosity

16

14

Viscosity @ 40oC, mm2/s

12

10
(1)castor - (2)Cotton
(1)Soya - (2)Castor
(1)Rapeseed - (2)Castor
Lower Limit EN 14214

Upper Limit EN 14214

6

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

(1)/(2), %

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Biodiesel Blends Iodine Number

140

130

120

Iodine Number

110
(1)Soya - (2)Castor
(1)Cotton - (2)Soya

100

(1)Soya - (2)Rapeseed
Max Limit EN 14214

90

80

70

60
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

(1)/(2), %

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Challengers for the biodiesel

production and trading
Raw material providing.
High cost of opportunity of vegetable oil valorized by the chemical
market.
POTENTIAL
MARKET:
m3 / year
< 1 x 105
< 8 x 106

ALLOWED
PRICES:
US$ / ton
FRMACOS
PRODUTOS

> 2.000
> 1.000

QUMICOS

< 1 x 107
> 5 x 108
20 May, 2006

PRODUTOS
ALIMENTCIOS
BIOCOMBUSTVEIS
2006 Eastern Biofuel

> 600
< 600
Biodiesel in the Plural

Challengers for the biodiesel

production and trading
Increase yields on the oil-seeds production.
Valorization of by-products, specially glycerin.
A real multi-feedstock biodiesel production, regarding all the aspects,
not only the technical ones.
Establish of quality standards of different raw materials.
Development of analytical methods for the quality control of the process
and the products.
An uniform international specification.

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Our Business is Biodiesel

Internal view of industrial-pilot plant in the campus of Federal University of Piau (Brazil).

20 May, 2006

Projeto patrocinado
pela ELETROBRAS
e CEPISA
2006 Eastern
Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Our Business is Biodiesel

External view of the industrial-pilot plant in the campus of Federal University of Piau
(Brazil), showing the storage tanks and the process building.

20 May, 2006

Projeto patrocinado
pela ELETROBRAS
e CEPISA
2006 Eastern
Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Industrial Biodiesel System 40.000 ton/year Client: Brasil Ecodiesel

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Industrial Biodiesel System - 40.000 ton/year - Client: Brasil Ecodiesel

Biodiesel in the Plural
20 May, 2006
2006 Eastern Biofuel

Industrial Biodiesel System 40.000 ton/year Client: Brasil Ecodiesel

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Industrial Biodiesel System 100.000 ton/year Client: Brasil Ecodiesel

20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural

Thank you very much !

Expedito Jos de S Parente Jnior

Technical Director
TECBIO Tecnologias Bioenergticas Ltda.
Fax\Phone:
(+55) (85) 32 87 17 91
(+55) (85) 32 87 67 28
(+55) (85) 32 87 13 77
expeditojr@tecbio.com.br

www.tecbio.com.br
20 May, 2006

2006 Eastern Biofuel

Biodiesel in the Plural