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Module5: Fundamentals of
Antennas&Feeders
NOKIA
Module5 Objectives
After this module the you will be able to:
NOKIA
dB 1/2
Calculations in dB (deci-Bel)
logarithmic, relative scale
Always with respect to a reference
dBW :
dB above Watt
dBm :
dB above mWatt
dBi :
dB above isotropic
dBd :
dB above dipole
dBV/m: dB above V/m
NOKIA
rule-of-thumb:
+3dB = factor 2
+7 dB = factor 5
+10 dB = factor 10
-30 dBm = 1 W
-20 dBm = 10 W
-10 dBm = 100 W
-7 dBm = 200 W
-3 dBm = 500 W
0 dBm = 1 mW
+3 dBm = 2 mW
+7 dBm = 5 mW
+10 dBm = 10 mW
+13 dBm = 20 mW
+20 dBm = 100mW
+30 dBm = 1 W
+40 dBm = 10W
+50 dBm = 100W
dB 2/2
Power
P
dB 10 log
P0
[ Plin. ] 10
P ( dB )
10
Voltages
E
dB 20 log
E0
[ Elin. ] 10
E ( dB )
20
Conversion factor:
antenna
antenna factor
factor for
for 900
900MHz
MHz ::~
~29
29dB
dB
1800
1800MHz
MHz::~
~35
35dB
dB
NOKIA
Antennas
Cables (jumper)
Feeder cables
Connectors
Clamps
Lightning
protection
Wall glands
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Antennas
Earthing kit
Mounting clamp
Wall gland
Cable trace
Feeder cable
Jumper cable
Connector
Connector
Feeder
Feederclamps
clamps
Grounding
Grounding
Feeder
FeederClamps
Clamps
6
NOKIA
Antenna Theorie
Antennas convert guided waves, e.g. in
waveguides
striplines
coaxial lines
slot lines
into free-space waves (Hertzian waves)
or vice versa
Z =50
Antenna types:
loop antennas (magnetic field induction)
rod antennas (electric field induction)
waveguide antennas
patch antennas
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Z =377
H- field
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Si
Pt
Si
Radiation power density
[w/m2]
4**r2 Sphere surface [m2 ]
Pt
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10
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Equivalent isotropic
radiated power:
EIRP = Pt+Gain
= 56 dBm
V1
Gain =
11dBi
V2 = V1
Pt = 45 dBm
11
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radiated
power
12
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0 dB
0 dB
-3 dB
-3 dB
-10 dB
-10 dB
HPBW
horizontal
sidelobe
main beam
null direction
13
NOKIA
14
NOKIA
65
65horizontal
horizontal
beamwidth
beamwidth
antenna
antenna
33
33horizontal
horizontal
beamwidth
beamwidth
antenna
antenna
Antenna Types
Dipoles
most general type: omnidirectional
Arrays
combinations of many smaller elements
high gains, special radiation patterns,
phased array antennas ( ---> smart antennas )
Yagi
very common, high gain, directional antennas
often used as TV- antennas
Paraboles
very high gain, extremely narrow beam-widths
commonly used for line-of-sight paths
(satellites...)
15
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16
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17
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Typical Applications
Wide horizontal beamwidth (e.g. 90)
For areas with few reflecting and scattering objects (rural area)
Area coverage for 3-sector sites
Sufficient cell overlap to allow successful handovers
Small horizontal beamwidth (e.g. 65)
For areas with high scattering (city areas)
Coverage between sectors by scattering and by adjacent sites
(mostly site densification in urban areas)
Very small horizontal beamwidth (e.g. 33)
Special antenna used for 6 sectorised sites
Antenna to provide coverage along the highways
18
NOKIA
Antenna Tilt
Downtilting of the Antenna main beam relative to
the horizontal
Goals:
Reduction of overshoot
Removal of insular coverage
Lowering the interference
Coverage improvement of the near area
(indoor coverage)
Adjustment of cell borders (handover zones)
Mechanical / Electrical or Combined downtilt
19
NOKIA
Mechanical Downtilt
Advantages
Later adjustment of vertical tilt possible
Antenna diagram is not changed, i.e. nulls and
sidelobes remain in their position relative to the
main beam
Cost effective (single antenna type may be used)
Fast adjustments possible
Drawbacks
Sidelobes are less tilted
Accurate adjustment is difficult
Problems for sites with difficult access
20
NOKIA
Electrical Downtilt
Advantages
Same tilt for both
main and side lobes
Antenna mounting is more
simple
no adjustment errors
Drawbacks
Introduction of additional
antenna types neccesary
Adjustment of electrical tilt
mostly not possible
adjustment done by
mechanical downtilt
21
NOKIA
= 0
= t
downtilt angle
= 2 t
= 3 t
= delay time
Combined Downtilt
Combination of both mechanical and electrical downtilt
High electrical downtilt: Distinct range reduction in
sidelobe direction (interference reduction)
Less downtilt in main beam direction
Choose sector antennas with high electrical downtilt
(6...8) and apply mechanical uptilt installation for
optimum coverage range in main beam direction
22
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23
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HPBW
a
HPBW
24
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main beam
direction
2 downtilt
7 vertical
HPBW
4 downtilt
7 vertical
HPBW
c
Antenna Mountings
Pole
Polemounting
mountingfor
forwall
wall
or
parapet
mounting
or parapet mounting
Pole
Polemounting
mountingfor
for
roof-top
mounting
roof-top mounting
Tower
Towermounting
mountingfor
for
directional
antennas
directional antennas
25
NOKIA
26
NOKIA
HPBW/2 + 20 +
D[m]
H[m]
1
5
10
0.5 2.5 5
HPBW = 8, = 2
6down tilt
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
0down tilt
2,0
1,0
0,0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
NOKIA
40
45
50
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30
NOKIA
Quasi-Omni
Configuration
Pin
Pin
Pin
Pin
Pin
Pin
Pin
Pin
3 dB
Pin
31
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4.5 dB
Pin
6 dB
Pin
32
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33
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34
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d has to be >
3.2 m
35
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Acceptable
36
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Current :
space
diversity
37
NOKIA
1300 mm
Current :
polarization
diversity
Space diversity
improves
performance
0.5..1.0 dB
compared to single
radome.
The gain of 2.5 dB
assumes single
radome.
150 mm
Antennas
can be
shared
with GSM
Upgrade:
2 x polarization
diversity within
one radome
300 mm
Feeders
Technical summary:
Inner conductor: Copper wire
Dielectric:
Low density
foam PE
Outer conductor:
Corrugated
copper tube
Jacket:
Polyethylene (PE)
black
Outer
Outerconductor
conductor
Inner
Innerconductor
conductor
Dielectric
Dielectric
38
NOKIA
Jacket
Jacket
11Cable
CableClamps
Clamps
22Antenna
AntennaCable
Cable
33Double
Bearing
Double Bearing
44Counter
Counterpart
part
55Anchor
tape
Anchor tape
39
NOKIA
7/16
7/16Connector:
Connector:
Coaxial
CoaxialConnector
Connector
Robust
Robust
Good
GoodRF-Performance
RF-Performance
Feeder Parameters
Feeder
cable type
Producer
Outer
diameter r in
[mm]
Min.
bending
radius in
[mm]
Attenuation
dB/100m
Jumper cable
13,5
30
< 0,4
Jumper cable
13,6
40
< 0,4
Jumper cable
13,5
30
< 0,5
Jumper cable
13,6
40
< 0,5
Feeder up to 10 m
13,5
30
18,5
Feeder up to
10m
Eupen /CPE
Feeder up to 10 m
13,6
40
15,12
1/2
Andrew
Feeder up to 25 m
w/o Jumper
16
125
10,6
1/2
Andrew
Feeder up to 20 m
with Jumper
16
125
10,6
7/8
Andrew
Feeder up to 35 m
with two Jumper
28
250
Andrew
Feeder up to 47 m
with Jumper
39,4
380
4,5
1 5/8
Andrew
Feeder bis 55 m
with two Jumper
50
510
Eupen /CPE
40
NOKIA
Eupen /CPE
Usage
[1800MHz]
Feeder attenuation
Main contribution is from feeder loss (example):
Feeder Cable 4dB/100m
=> length 50m
Loss =2.0dB
Jumper Cable 0.066dB/100m => 5m
Loss =0.33dB
Insertion Loss of connector and power splitter < 0.1dB
Total Loss 2.0dB+2x0.33dB+5x0.1dB+0.1dB=3.26dB
Thick
Thick antenna
antenna cables
cables
1)
1) lower
lower losses
losses per
per length
length
2)
2) large
large bending
bending radii
radii
3)
3) much
much more
more expensive
expensive
Attenuation
Attenuation is
is trade
trade off
off betw
bet
Attenuation
Attenuation
Handling
Handling flexibility
flexibility
Cost
Cost
NOKIA
Module5 exercise
Create a new antenna type in the antenna editor of
Totem Vantage by using the information below (10
degrees steps!):
Kathrein F-Panel 1800 65deg 14 dBi
Type number
Input
Connector position
Frequency range
VSWR
Gain
Impedance
Polarization
Front-to -back-ratio
Half-power beam width
Maximum power
Weight
Wind load
42
NOKIA
734 308
7-16 female
Bottom or top
1710 - 1900 MHz
< 1.3 (1710 - 1880 MHz)
< 1.5 (1880 - 1900 MHz)
14 dBi
50 ohm
Vertical
> 25 dB
H-plane: 65deg / E-plane: 18deg
200W (at 50 Celsius ambient temperature)
2.2 kg
Frontal: 95 N(at 150km/h)
Lateral: 20 N(at 150km/h)
Rearside: 110 N(at 150km/h)
200 km/h
604 x 172 x 62 mm
502/155/36 mm