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Session 4

Module5: Fundamentals of
Antennas&Feeders

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Module5 Objectives
After this module the you will be able to:

describe the effect of feeder cable on


antenna
output power level
describe the influence of antenna and
feeder
cables on the WCDMA system
use the antenna editor/module in Totem
Vantage
to create a new antenna type
from given
information

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

dB 1/2
Calculations in dB (deci-Bel)
logarithmic, relative scale
Always with respect to a reference
dBW :
dB above Watt
dBm :
dB above mWatt
dBi :
dB above isotropic
dBd :
dB above dipole
dBV/m: dB above V/m

NOKIA

rule-of-thumb:
+3dB = factor 2
+7 dB = factor 5
+10 dB = factor 10

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

-30 dBm = 1 W
-20 dBm = 10 W
-10 dBm = 100 W
-7 dBm = 200 W
-3 dBm = 500 W
0 dBm = 1 mW
+3 dBm = 2 mW
+7 dBm = 5 mW
+10 dBm = 10 mW
+13 dBm = 20 mW
+20 dBm = 100mW
+30 dBm = 1 W
+40 dBm = 10W
+50 dBm = 100W

dB 2/2
Power

P
dB 10 log
P0

[ Plin. ] 10

P ( dB )

10

Voltages

E
dB 20 log
E0

[ Elin. ] 10

E ( dB )

20

Conversion factor:

E(dBV/m) = P(dBm) + 106,4 + antenna factor

antenna factor = 20 log(f [MHz]) -29,8 - ant_gain + cable_loss

antenna
antenna factor
factor for
for 900
900MHz
MHz ::~
~29
29dB
dB

1800
1800MHz
MHz::~
~35
35dB
dB

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Antenna System 1/2

Antennas
Cables (jumper)
Feeder cables
Connectors
Clamps
Lightning
protection
Wall glands

NOKIA

Antennas
Earthing kit

Mounting clamp

Wall gland

Cable trace

Feeder cable

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Jumper cable

Antenna System 2/2


Jumper
Jumpercable
cable

Connector
Connector

Feeder
Feederclamps
clamps
Grounding
Grounding

Feeder
FeederClamps
Clamps
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NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Antenna Theorie
Antennas convert guided waves, e.g. in
waveguides
striplines
coaxial lines
slot lines
into free-space waves (Hertzian waves)
or vice versa
Z =50
Antenna types:
loop antennas (magnetic field induction)
rod antennas (electric field induction)
waveguide antennas
patch antennas

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Z =377

Far Field Distance


Transport mechanism
electromagnetic energy transport by constant
exchange between electrical and magnetic field :
E-wave and H-wave
E- field

H- field

Poynting- vector (energy) : E x H


E- and H-wave are perpendicular at distances
larger than the far field distance (plane wave)
2 D2
rR

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Antenna Data 1/6


Isotropic Radiator: hypothetical point source which
radiates with the same power in any direction (no
losses)
Pt = S *4**r2

Si
Pt

Si
Radiation power density
[w/m2]
4**r2 Sphere surface [m2 ]
Pt

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Feeded power [W]

Antenna Data 2/6


Energy in antenna only partly
converts to electromagnetic waves
Radiated energy is only a fraction of
received energy
Radiated energy is measurable only at
a reference distance from antenna
(minimum = far field distance!)
Coupling losses are ~ 50 ... 60 dB for
first few meters, then use free-space
propagation losses

10

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Antenna Data 3/6


dB
dBover
overisotropic
isotropicantenna
antenna
(dBi)
(dBi)
dB
dBover
overHertz
Hertzdipole
dipole
(dBd)
(dBd)
dBi=dBd
dBi=dBd--2.1
2.1

Isotropic radiated Power Pt

Equivalent isotropic
radiated power:
EIRP = Pt+Gain
= 56 dBm

V1
Gain =
11dBi

V2 = V1

Pt = 45 dBm

11

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

radiated
power

Antenna Data 4/6


Half power beam width (HPBW)
Related to polarization of electrical field
Vertical and Horizontal HPBW
Antenna diagram
Yields the spatial radiation characteristics of the
antenna
Polarization
Specification due to certain wave polarization
(linear/elliptic, co/cross-polarization)
Front-to-back ratio
Important for interference considerations

12

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Antenna Data 5/6 - Antenna


Diagramm
vertical

0 dB

0 dB

-3 dB

-3 dB

-10 dB

-10 dB

HPBW

horizontal

sidelobe

main beam
null direction

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NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Antenna Data 6/6 - Antenna


Diagramm
90
90horizontal
horizontal
beamwidth
beamwidth
antenna
antenna

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NOKIA

65
65horizontal
horizontal
beamwidth
beamwidth
antenna
antenna

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

33
33horizontal
horizontal
beamwidth
beamwidth
antenna
antenna

Antenna Types
Dipoles
most general type: omnidirectional
Arrays
combinations of many smaller elements
high gains, special radiation patterns,
phased array antennas ( ---> smart antennas )
Yagi
very common, high gain, directional antennas
often used as TV- antennas
Paraboles
very high gain, extremely narrow beam-widths
commonly used for line-of-sight paths
(satellites...)
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NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Mobile Radio Antennas: omni


antenna
Antenna with vertical HPBW for omni sites
Large area coverage
Advantages
Continuous coverage around the site
Simple antenna mounting
Ideal for homogeneous terrain
Drawbacks
No mechanical tilt possible

16

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Mobile Radio Antennas:


sector antenna
Antenna with both vertical and horizontal
HPBW
Advantages
Coverage can be focussed on special
areas
Low coverage of areas of no interest
(e.g. forest)
Allows high traffic load
Additional mechanical downtilt possible
Wall mounting possible
Drawbacks
More hardware per site needed

17

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Typical Applications
Wide horizontal beamwidth (e.g. 90)
For areas with few reflecting and scattering objects (rural area)
Area coverage for 3-sector sites
Sufficient cell overlap to allow successful handovers
Small horizontal beamwidth (e.g. 65)
For areas with high scattering (city areas)
Coverage between sectors by scattering and by adjacent sites
(mostly site densification in urban areas)
Very small horizontal beamwidth (e.g. 33)
Special antenna used for 6 sectorised sites
Antenna to provide coverage along the highways

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NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Antenna Tilt
Downtilting of the Antenna main beam relative to
the horizontal
Goals:
Reduction of overshoot
Removal of insular coverage
Lowering the interference
Coverage improvement of the near area
(indoor coverage)
Adjustment of cell borders (handover zones)
Mechanical / Electrical or Combined downtilt

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NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Mechanical Downtilt
Advantages
Later adjustment of vertical tilt possible
Antenna diagram is not changed, i.e. nulls and
sidelobes remain in their position relative to the
main beam
Cost effective (single antenna type may be used)
Fast adjustments possible
Drawbacks
Sidelobes are less tilted
Accurate adjustment is difficult
Problems for sites with difficult access

20

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Electrical Downtilt
Advantages
Same tilt for both
main and side lobes
Antenna mounting is more
simple
no adjustment errors
Drawbacks
Introduction of additional
antenna types neccesary
Adjustment of electrical tilt
mostly not possible
adjustment done by
mechanical downtilt

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NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

= 0
= t
downtilt angle

= 2 t
= 3 t

= delay time

Combined Downtilt
Combination of both mechanical and electrical downtilt
High electrical downtilt: Distinct range reduction in
sidelobe direction (interference reduction)
Less downtilt in main beam direction
Choose sector antennas with high electrical downtilt
(6...8) and apply mechanical uptilt installation for
optimum coverage range in main beam direction

22

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Assessment of Required Tilts


(1)
Required tilt is estimated using Geometrical Optics
Consideration of
Vertical HPBW of the antenna
Antenna height above ground
Height difference antenna/location to be covered
Morpho-structure in the vicinity of the antenna
Topography between transmitter and receiver location
Same tilt must be applied for all antennas of the sector
(Smart Radio Concept)!

23

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Assessment of Required Tilts (2)


HPBW
main beam
direction

HPBW
a

HPBW

24

NOKIA

main beam
direction

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

2 downtilt
7 vertical
HPBW

4 downtilt
7 vertical
HPBW
c

Antenna Mountings

Pole
Polemounting
mountingfor
forwall
wall
or
parapet
mounting
or parapet mounting

Pole
Polemounting
mountingfor
for
roof-top
mounting
roof-top mounting

Tower
Towermounting
mountingfor
for
directional
antennas
directional antennas
25

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Distortion of antenna pattern 1/4


Antenna Near Field Range: Rmin = 2D/
D = Aperture of antenna (e.g. 2m)
=> Rmin = 26 / 13m for GSM / DCS (WCDMA)
HPBW Rule with securtiy margin of 20 and tilt

Roof Top = Obstacle


D

26

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

HPBW/2 + 20 +
D[m]
H[m]

1
5
10
0.5 2.5 5

HPBW = 8, = 2

Distortion of antenna pattern 2/4


Height Clearance vs Antenna Tilt (practical guide)
h (m)
9,0

6down tilt

8,0
7,0

6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
0down tilt

2,0
1,0
0,0
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Roof Edge d (m)


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NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

40

45

50

Distortion of antenna pattern 2/4


Mainlobe Strongest signal

Shadow of radio signal

The strongest signal is far away


from Base Station
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NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Distortion of antenna pattern 3/4


Mainlobe Strongest
signal
No shadow of radio signal

Both the area near and far away from


BTS receive a strong signal
29

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Power Divider 1/2


Power dividers connect
several
antennas to one feeder cable
For combination of individual
antenna patterns for a
requested configuration
Quasi-omni configuration
Bidirectional configuration
(road coverage)

30

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Quasi-Omni
Configuration

4-to-1 Power splitter


(6 dB loss)

Power Divider 2/3


Also called "power splitter"
Passive device (works in
both (transmit and receive)
direction)
Insertion loss 0.2-0.3 dB
Pin

Pin

Pin

Pin

Pin

Pin

Pin

Pin

Pin

3 dB

Pin

31

NOKIA

4.5 dB

Pin

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

6 dB

Pin

Panel Configurations (1)


Radial Arrangement
of 6 Panel Antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 105
gain = 16.5 dBi, mast radius = 0.425 m, mounting radius = 0.575 m

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NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Panel Configurations (2)


Example 2: Quasi Omni Arrangement
of 3 antennas with horizontal beamwidth = 105 , gain =13.5 dBi,
mounting radius = 4 m

33

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Panel Configurations (3)


Example 3: Skew Arrangement

34

NOKIA

of 4 Panel Antennas with horizontal beamwidth


= 65 ,
gain = 12.5 dBi, mast radius = 1 m,
mounting radius = 1.615 m

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Antenna installation issues


Safety margin of 15 between the reflecting surface and the 3 dB lobe

d has to be >
3.2 m

35

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Antenna installation: Other RFsystems


Ensure that TV or other receiving
antennas do not obstruct the WCDMA
antenna take-off (although the reverse
Not Acceptable
situation is permissible)
In practice there is filtering in WCDMA
base stations and they do not cause
any problems to the other RF systems
Do not put any obstacles inside the
antenna main beam because it can
Be careful with
back-lobe!
deteriorate the shape of the beam

Acceptable

36

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Upgrades to Current GSM


Antennas
Upgrade :
space +
polarization
diversity

Current :
space
diversity

37

NOKIA

1300 mm

Current :
polarization
diversity

Space diversity
improves
performance
0.5..1.0 dB
compared to single
radome.
The gain of 2.5 dB
assumes single
radome.

150 mm

Antennas
can be
shared
with GSM

Upgrade:
2 x polarization
diversity within
one radome

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

300 mm

Feeders
Technical summary:
Inner conductor: Copper wire
Dielectric:
Low density
foam PE
Outer conductor:
Corrugated
copper tube
Jacket:
Polyethylene (PE)
black

Outer
Outerconductor
conductor
Inner
Innerconductor
conductor

Dielectric
Dielectric

38

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Jacket
Jacket

Feeder Installation Set and


Connectors

11Cable
CableClamps
Clamps
22Antenna
AntennaCable
Cable
33Double
Bearing
Double Bearing
44Counter
Counterpart
part
55Anchor
tape
Anchor tape

39

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

7/16
7/16Connector:
Connector:
Coaxial
CoaxialConnector
Connector
Robust
Robust
Good
GoodRF-Performance
RF-Performance

Feeder Parameters
Feeder
cable type

Producer

Outer
diameter r in
[mm]

Min.
bending
radius in
[mm]

Attenuation
dB/100m

Jumper cable

13,5

30

< 0,4

Jumper cable

13,6

40

< 0,4

Jumper cable

13,5

30

< 0,5

Jumper cable

13,6

40

< 0,5

1/2 Highflex: RFS /Quadrant

Feeder up to 10 m

13,5

30

18,5

Feeder up to
10m

Eupen /CPE

Feeder up to 10 m

13,6

40

15,12

1/2

Andrew

Feeder up to 25 m
w/o Jumper

16

125

10,6

1/2

Andrew

Feeder up to 20 m
with Jumper

16

125

10,6

7/8

Andrew

Feeder up to 35 m
with two Jumper

28

250

Andrew

Feeder up to 47 m
with Jumper

39,4

380

4,5

1 5/8

Andrew

Feeder bis 55 m
with two Jumper

50

510

1/2 Highflex: RFS /Quadrant


Jumper 1m

Eupen /CPE

1/2 Highflex: RFS /Quadrant


Jumper 2m

40

NOKIA

Eupen /CPE

Usage

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

[1800MHz]

Feeder attenuation
Main contribution is from feeder loss (example):
Feeder Cable 4dB/100m
=> length 50m
Loss =2.0dB
Jumper Cable 0.066dB/100m => 5m
Loss =0.33dB
Insertion Loss of connector and power splitter < 0.1dB
Total Loss 2.0dB+2x0.33dB+5x0.1dB+0.1dB=3.26dB

Thick
Thick antenna
antenna cables
cables
1)
1) lower
lower losses
losses per
per length
length
2)
2) large
large bending
bending radii
radii
3)
3) much
much more
more expensive
expensive

Attenuation
Attenuation is
is trade
trade off
off betw
bet

Attenuation
Attenuation

Handling
Handling flexibility
flexibility

Cost
Cost

Keep antenna cables short


41

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

Module5 exercise
Create a new antenna type in the antenna editor of
Totem Vantage by using the information below (10
degrees steps!):
Kathrein F-Panel 1800 65deg 14 dBi
Type number
Input
Connector position
Frequency range
VSWR
Gain
Impedance
Polarization
Front-to -back-ratio
Half-power beam width
Maximum power
Weight
Wind load

Maximum wind velocity


Packing size
Height/width/depth

42

NOKIA

session_4_Fundamentals_A&F.PPT/June2000 / Field Planner

734 308
7-16 female
Bottom or top
1710 - 1900 MHz
< 1.3 (1710 - 1880 MHz)
< 1.5 (1880 - 1900 MHz)
14 dBi
50 ohm
Vertical
> 25 dB
H-plane: 65deg / E-plane: 18deg
200W (at 50 Celsius ambient temperature)
2.2 kg
Frontal: 95 N(at 150km/h)
Lateral: 20 N(at 150km/h)
Rearside: 110 N(at 150km/h)
200 km/h
604 x 172 x 62 mm
502/155/36 mm

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