UNIT IV - PUMPS

PREPARED BY,
S.PETER ALEXANDAR,
LECTURER,
PREC, THANJVAUR
 PRESENTATION OUTLINE
 Pump Terminology
 Pump Classification:
- Reciprocating Pumps
- Rotary Pumps
- Centrifugal Pumps
 Pumping Problems
 Pumps
A pump is a device used to move
gases, liquids or slurries. A pump
moves liquids or gases from lower
pressure to higher pressure, and
overcomes this difference in pressure
by adding energy to the system.
 Mechanical Energy Hydraulic
energy
 P U M P S
P O S I T I V E D I S P LC A E C N ET MR IE F NU T G

R E C I P R O C A R T O I NT GA R P YU PM U P M S P S

P I S T O N P U MG PE SA R P U M P S

P L U N G E R P LU O M B P E S P U M P S

D I A P H R A G M S PC UR ME WP S P U M P S

C A M P U M P S

V A N E P U M P S
 Pumps Classification (contd)…
 Pumps are divided into two fundamental types based
on the manner in which they transmit energy to the
pumped media: kinetic or positive displacement.
 In kinetic displacement, a centrifugal force of the
rotating element, called an impeller, “impels” kinetic
energy to the fluid, moving the fluid from pump suction
to the discharge.
 Positive displacement uses the reciprocating action
of one or several pistons, or a squeezing action of
meshing gears, lobes, or other moving bodies, to
displace the fluid from one area into another (i.e.,
moving the material from suction to discharge).
 Sometimes the terms ‘inlet’ (for suction) and ‘exit’ or
‘outlet’ (for discharge) are used.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

 WHAT IS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP?

 WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
 ADVANTEGAES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Centrifugal Pumps
WHAT IS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP?
 Convert the mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy by centrifugal force on
the liquid
 Constitute the most common type of
pumping machinery
 Used to move liquids through a piping
system
 Has two main components:
1. Stationary componets, casing, casing
cover and bearings
2. Rotating components, impeller and
shaft
 Classified into three categories ; Radial
Flow, Mixed Flow, Axial Flow
 Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)
 Therotating part of the centrifugal
pump is called impeller. It is a
rotating solid disk with curved
blades. Impellers could be open,
semi-open or closed.

Open Closed
Semi - Open
 Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)

Backward curved Radial curved Forward curved

 For Incompressible fluids (water)

backward curved vanes are used (pumps)
 For compressible fluids (air) forward
curved vanes are used (compressors)
 Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)
 Casing is an airtight passage surrounding
the impeller which converts the kinetic
energy of the fluid leaving the impeller
into pressure energy.
 Suction pipe is connected to the inlet of
the pump and other side is dipped into the
fluid in a sump. Delivery pipe is
connected to the outlet of the pump and
other end delivers the fluid at required
height.
 Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)
Working principle

 The impeller is keyed onto a shaft which is

mounted on bearings and is coupled to a motor
which rotates the impeller.
 The kinetic energy of the impeller is transmitted
to the fluid and its velocity increases.
 The volute casing converts the kinetic energy of
the fluid to pressure energy. The pressure at the
center of the impeller (eye) decreases as the
fluid flows outward. The decrease in pressure
causes the fluid of the sump to continuously flow
through the suction pipes.
 The high pressure fluid is delivered through the
delivery pipe.
Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)
Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)
Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)
 ADVANTAGES OF CENTRIGUGAL
PUMPS
Advantages

 Simple in construction and cheap

 Handle liquid with large amounts of solids
 No metal to metal fits
 No valves involved in pump operation
 Maintenance costs are lower
 DISADVANTAGES OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Disadvantages

 Cannot handle highly viscous fluids efficiently

 Cannot be operated at high heads
 Maximum efficiency holds over a narrow range of conditions
Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)
 Priming
 Removal of gas or vapor from pump
body by using liquid to be pumped
 Centrifugal pumps are not self
primed and need priming before
startup
 To keep pump primed all the time
locate suction source higher than
pump level

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Multistage Centrifugal Pumps
 An economical approach to develop
higher head (pressure) from single
pump is to add stages
 A stage means number of impellers
attached to single shaft
 Delivery of first impeller is suction of
second

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Multistage Centrifugal Pumps

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 Cavitation
 Process of formation and rapid collapse of
vapor is called Cavitation
 If pressure of working liquid is less than
vapor pressure of liquid vapors formation
will occur eye of impeller
 When this bubble reaches area of high
pressure (grater than vapor pressure) it
will burst
 This process will lead to formation of
cavities on edge of impeller

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 Cavitation effects
 Cavitation will lead to pitting of
impellers
 Fluctuations in flow rates and discharge
pressure
 Excessive pump vibration leading to the
damage of bearings,seals and wearing
rings
 Fluctuations in pump motor current

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Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)

Effect of cavitation
 How to avoid Cavitation
 Increase level of liquid on suction
 Increase suction pressure by filling
the space above liquid in suction
tank
 NPSH available can be increased by
decreasing temperature of liquid
 Reduce head loss factors
 Reduce impeller speed or discharge
pressure
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 RECIPROCATING PUMPS
 Based on two stroke principles:
√ High pressure, high efficiency
√ Self-priming
X Small quantity, vibration, physical dimension,
uneven flow

 Used mainly for handling slurries in plant processes

and pipeline applications
R E C I P R O C A T I N G P U M P S

 Two valves and one stuffing box

P I S T O N P U M P S
 A rotating mechanism for the
P L U N G E R P U M P S
reciprocating piston
D I A P H R A G M
 Uses
P U suction
M P S to raise liquid into
the chamber.
R E C I P R O C A T I N G P U M P S

P I S T O 
N Two
P U ball
M check
P S valves on each side
 Low pressure on the upward part, high
P L U N G E R P U M P S
pressure on the downward part
D I A P H R A G M P U M P S
R E C I P R O C A T I N G P U M P S

P I S T O N P
Rod is
U M P S
 moved to push and pull
P L U N G E R
the diaphragm.
P U M P S

D I A P H R A G M Can be used to make artificial

P U M P S

hearts.
 ROTARY PUMPS
 Positive displacement type

 High pressure, high efficiency

 Liquids must be free of solids
 Handle viscous fluids
 Used mainly in, oil burners, soaps and
cosmetics, sugars, syrup, and molasses,
dyes, ink, bleaches, vegetable and mineral
oils
R O T A R Y P U M P S

G E A R P U M P S
Gears create voids as they come out

L O B E P U M P S
of mesh and liquid flows into the
S C R E W P U M P S
cavities
C A M P U M P S
 As the gears come back into mesh,
V A N E P U M P S
the volume is reduced and the liquid
is forced out of the discharge port
R O T A R Y P U M P S

G E A R P U M P S
As the teeth come out of mesh, 
liquid flows into the pump and
L O B E P U M P S

is carried between the teeth

S C R E W P U M P S

and the casing to the discharge

C A M P U M P S

side of the pump

V A N E P U M P S

 The teeth come back into mesh

and the liquid is forced out the
discharge port
 Gear Pumps (Cont.1)
 Advantages
i. High speed
 Disadvantag
ii. Medium pressure es
iii. Relatively quiet i. No solids allowed
operation ii. Fixed End
iv. Design Clearances
accommodates
wide variety of
materials
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R O T A R Y P U M P S

G E A R P U M P S

L O B E P U M Fluid is carried between the rotor teeth and

P S

S C R E W P U M P S
the pumping chamber
 The rotor surfaces create continuous sealing
C A M P U M P S
 Rotors include bi-wing, tri-lobe, and multi-
V A N E P U M P S
lobe configurations
LOBE PUMPS
R O T A R Y P U M P S

G E A R P U M P S

L O B E P U Screw
P S

M pumps carry fluid in the
spaces between the screw threads.
S C R E W P U M P S
 The fluid is displaced axially as the
C A M P U M P S
screws mesh.
V A N E P U M P S
R O T A R Y P U M P S

G E A R P U M P S

L O B E P U M P S

Piston slide arm moves

S C R E W P U M P S

C A M P U M P S

V A N E P U M P S
around inside a slot in the
casing.
 An eccentric cam rotates the

circular plunger (shown in

gray) around the edge of the
casing, fluid is swirled around
the edge to the outlet port.
 It is not in use now and is

mainly of historical curiosity.

R O T A R Y P U M P S

G E A R P U M P S

L O B E P U M P S
 The vanes are in slots in the rotor.
S C R E W P U M P
 R
S
otor spins, centrifugal force pushes the
C A M P U M P S vanes out to touch the casing, where
V A N E P U M P S they trap and propel fluid.
 Comparison

 Centrifugal Pumps  Positive displacement

1. Simple in construction 1. Complicated in construction
2. Lesser number of parts 2. More number of parts
3. Less wear and tear 3. More wear and tear
4. Can run at high speed 4. Can not run at high speed
5. Continuous delivery 5. Pulsating delivery

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 Comparison (Cont.1)
6. No check valve 6. Check valve may
7. Needs priming or may not be
8. Suitable for high needed
flow rates and 7. They are self
less pressure primed
requirements 8. Suitable for less
flow rates and
higher pressure
requirements

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Question

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 REFERENCES

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump
2. www.cheresources.com
3. www.pumpworld.com/contents.htm
4. www.rpi.edu./dept/chem-eng/
Biotech-Environ/PUMPS/intro.html
 Thanks
for listening