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Introduction to the Finite

Element Method
Spring 2010

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Course Objectives
The student should be capable of writing
simple programs to solve different
problems using finite element method.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Assessment
10%
20%

Assignments (1 per week)


Quizzes (best 2 out of 3)

Week of 12/11/2006
Week of 20/12/2006
Week of 17/1/2006

20%
25%
25%

Course Project
Midterm exam (Week of 2/12/2006)
Final exam (starting 3/2/2007)
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Fundamental Course Agreement


Homework is sent in electronic format (No
hardcopies are accepted)
Computer programs have to written in
MATLAB or Mathematica script
No late homework is accepted
No excuses are accepted for missing a
quiz
Best two out of three quizzes are counted
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

References
J.N. Reddy, An Introduction to the Finite
Element Method 3rd ed., McGraw Hill, ISBN
007-124473-5
D.V. Hutton, Fundamentals of Finite Element
Analysis 1st ed., McGraw Hill, ISBN 007121857-2
K. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures, Prentice
Hall, 1996. (in library)
T. Hughes, The finite Element Method: Linear
Static and Dynamic Finite Element analysis,
Dover Publications, 2000. (in library)
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Numerical Solution of
Boundary Value Problems
Weighted Residual Methods

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Objectives
In this section we will be introduced to the
general classification of approximate
methods
Special attention will be paid for the
weighted residual method
Derivation of a system of linear equations
to approximate the solution of an ODE will
be presented using different techniques
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Why Approximate?

Ignorance
Readily Available Packages
Need to Develop New Techniques
Good use of your computer!
In general, the problem does not have an
analytical solution!

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Classification of Approximate
Solutions of D.E.s
Discrete Coordinate Method
Finite difference Methods
Stepwise integration methods
Euler method
Runge-Kutta methods
Etc

Distributed Coordinate Method


Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Distributed Coordinate Methods


Weighted Residual Methods
Interior Residual
Collocation
Galrekin
Finite Element

Boundary Residual
Boundary Element Method

Stationary Functional Methods


Reyligh-Ritz methods
Finite Element method
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Basic Concepts
A linear differential equation may be written in the form:

L f x g x
Where L(.) is a linear differential operator.
An approximate solution maybe of the form:
n

f x ai i x
i 1

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Basic Concepts
Applying the differential operator on the approximate solution, you
get:
n

L f x g x L

a x
i 1

g x

ai L i x g x 0
i 1

a L x g x R x
i 1

Residue

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Handling the Residue


The weighted residual methods are all
based on minimizing the value of the
residue.
Since the residue can not be zero over the
whole domain, different techniques were
introduced.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Collocation Method
The idea behind the collocation method is
similar to that behind the buttons of your
shirt!
Assume a solution, then force the residue
to be zero at the collocation points

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Collocation Method
R x j 0
R x j

a L x F x 0
n

i 1

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Example Problem

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The bar tensile problem

2u
EA 2 F x 0
x

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Bar application
2u
EA 2 F x 0
x
n

u x ai i x
i 1

d 2 i x
EA ai
F x R x
2
dx
i 1
n

Applying the collocation method


n

EA ai
i 1

d 2 i x j
dx

Fxj 0

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

In Matrix Form
k11
k
12

k1n

k 21 ... k n1 a1
F x1
F x
k 22 ... k n 2 a2




F xn
k 2 n ... k nn an

d 2 i x
kij EA
dx 2

x x j

Solve the above system for the generalized


coordinates ai to get the solution for u(x)

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Notes on the trial functions


They should be at least twice
differentiable!
They should satisfy all boundary
conditions!
Those are called the Admissibility
Conditions.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Using Admissible Functions


For a constant forcing function, F(x)=f
The strain at the free end of the bar should
be zero (slope of displacement is zero).
We may use:
x
x Sin

2l

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Using the function into the DE:


d x

x
EA
EA
Sin

2
dx
2l
2l
2

Since we only have one term in the series,


we will select one collocation point!
The midpoint is a reasonable choice!



Sin a1 f
EA
2l
4

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Solving:
4 2l 2 f
l2 f
a1

0.57
2
2

EA
EA
EA 2l Sin 4
f

Then, the approximate


l2 f
x
u x 0.57
Sin

solution for this problem is:


EA
2l
Which gives the maximum
l2 f
exact 0.5
u l 0.57
displacement to be:
EA
lf

And maximum strain to be: u x 0 0.9 exact 1.0


EA
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Subdomain Method (free


reading)
The idea behind the
subdomain method is
to force the integral
of the residue to be
equal to zero on an
subinterval of the
domain

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Subdomain Method


x j 1

R x dx 0

xj

x j 1

x j 1

a L x dx g x dx 0
i 1

xj

xj

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Bar application
2u
EA 2 F x 0
x
n

u x ai i x
i 1

d 2 i x
EA ai
F x R x
2
dx
i 1
n

Applying the subdomain method


n

x j 1

i 1

xj

EA ai

d i x
dx F x dx
2
dx
xj
2

x j 1

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

In Matrix Form
x j 1

xj

EA

d i x
dx ai
2
dx

x j 1

xj

F x dx

Solve the above system for the generalized


coordinates ai to get the solution for u(x)

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Galerkin Method


Galerkin suggested that the residue
should be multiplied by a weighting
function that is a part of the suggested
solution then the integration is performed
over the whole domain!!!
Actually, it turned out to be a VERY GOOD
idea
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Galerkin Method

R x x dx 0
j

Domain

a x L x dx x g x dx 0
i 1

Domain

Domain

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Bar application
2u
EA 2 F x 0
x
n

u x ai i x
i 1

d 2 i x
EA ai
F x R x
2
dx
i 1
n

Applying Galerkin method

d 2 i x
EA ai j x
dx j x F x dx
2
dx
i 1
Domain
Domain
n

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

In Matrix Form

EA

d 2 i x
j x
dx ai
2

dx

Domain

x F x dx
j

Domain

Solve the above system for the generalized


coordinates ai to get the solution for u(x)

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Same conditions on the functions


are applied
They should be at least twice
differentiable!
They should satisfy all boundary
conditions!
Lets use the same function as in the
collocation method:
x
x Sin

2l

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Substituting with the approximate


solution:
d 2 i x
EA ai j x
dx j x F x dx
2
dx
i 1
Domain
Domain
n


x
x
EA
a1 Sin
Sin
dx
2l
2l
2l
0
l

x
Sin
fdx
2l
0
l

l
2l

EA
a1
2

2l

f 16l 2
fl 2
a1
0.52
3
EA
EA
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Substituting with the approximate


solution: (Int. by Parts)
d 2 i x
EA ai j x
dx j x F x dx
2
dx
i 1
Domain
Domain
n

d 2 i x
j x
dx
2

dx
Domain

d j x d i x
d i x
j x

dx
dx 0 Domain dx
dx
l

!Zero
2

l
2l

EA
a1
2

2l

f 16l 2
fl 2
a1
0.52
3
EA
EA
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

What did we gain?


The functions are required to be less
differentiable
Not all boundary conditions need to be
satisfied
The matrix became symmetric!

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Summary
We may solve differential equations using a
series of functions with different weights.
When those functions are used, Residue
appears in the differential equation
The weights of the functions may be determined
to minimize the residue by different techniques
One very important technique is the Galerkin
method.
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

NOTE
Next Sunday 5/11 (No lecture)
Following week 12/11, Quiz #1 will be held
covering all the material up-to this lecture
Homework #1 is due next week (Electronic
submission of report and code is
mandatory.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Report Should Include


Cover page
Introduction section indicating the
procedure you used with the equations as
implemented in your code
Results section
Observations and Conclusions if any
according to the output of your program.
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Homework #1

Solve the beam bending


problem, for beam
displacement, for a simply
supported beam with a load
placed at the center of the
beam using
Collocation Method
Subdomain Method
Galerkin Method

Use three term Sin series that


satisfies all BCs
Write a program that produces
the results for n-term solution.

d 4w
F ( x)
4
dx
w(0) w(l ) 0
d 2 w(0) d 2 w(l )

0
2
2
dx
dx
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Exact Solution
w( x)

x 3 13 x

12 60
x3 x 2 7 x 3

12 4 15 10

0 x 1/ 2
1/ 2 x 1

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Finite Element Method


2nd order DEs in 1-D

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Objectives
Understand the basic steps of the finite
element analysis
Apply the finite element method to second
order differential equations in 1-D

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Mathematical Model


Solve:
d du
a cu f 0
dx dx
0 xL
Subject to:

du
u 0 u0 , a
dx

Q0
xL

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Step #1: Discretization


At this step, we divide
the domain into
elements.
The elements are
connected at nodes.
All properties of the
domain are defined at
those nodes.
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Step #2: Element Equations


Lets concentrate our
attention to a single
element.
The same DE applies
on the element level,
hence, we may follow
the procedure for
weighted residual
methods on the
element level!

d du
a cu f 0
dx dx
x1 x x2

u x1 u1 , u x2 u2 ,

du
a
dx

x x1

du
Q1 , a
dx

Q2
x x2

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Polynomial Approximation
Now, we may propose an approximate
solution for the primary variable, u(x),
within that element.
The simplest proposition would be a
polynomial!

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Polynomial Approximation
Interpolating the values
of displacement
knowing the nodal
displacements, we may
write:
u x b1 x b0
u x1 u1 b1 x1 b0
u x2 u2 b1 x2 b0

x2 x
x x1
u1
u2
u x
x2 x1
x2 x1
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Polynomial Approximation
u x

x2 x
x x1
u1
u2

x2 x1
x2 x1
1u1 2u2 1

u1
2 x u e
u2

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Step #2: Element Equations


(contd)
Assuming constant
domain properties:

d 2u
a 2 cu f 0
dx
x1 x x2

Applying the
Galerkin method:
d 2 i x
a j x
ui c j x i x ui j x f
2

dx
Domain

dx 0

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Step #2: Element Equations


(contd)
Note that:

d 2 i x
a j x
dx
2

dx
Domain

d i x
a j x
dx

And:

x2

x1

d j x d i x
a
dx
dx
dx
Domain

d 1 x
1
,
dx
he

d 2 x 1

dx
he

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Step #2: Element Equations


(contd)
For i=j=1: (and ignoring boundary terms)
x2

x
1

x2 x
1

a 2 c
he
he

u f x2 x
h
1
e

dx 0

Which gives:
a che
fhe

u1

0
3
2
he
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Step #2: Element Equations


(contd)
Repeating for all terms:
a

h
e

1 1 che 2 1
1 1 6 1 2

u1
fhe

u
2
2

The above equation is called the element


equation.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

What happens for adjacent


elements?

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Homework #2
Derive the element equation without
ignoring the boundary terms.
What are differences in the element
equation.
The solution should be handed using the
same report format (use equation editor to
write your report).
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Finite Element Procedure


1. Connecting Elements
2. Boundary Conditions
3. Solving Equations
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Objectives
Learn how the finite element model for the
whole domain is assembled
Learn how to apply boundary conditions
Solving the system of linear equations

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Recall
In the previous lecture, we obtained the
element equation that relates the element
degrees of freedom to the externally
applied fields
a

h
e

1 1 che 2 1
1 1 6 1 2

Which maybe written:

k1
k
3

u1
fhe

u
2

k 2 u1 f1

k 4 u2 f 2

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

TwoElement example
k11
1
k3

k 21
1
k4

u11

f11

1
2

1
2

k12
2
k3

k 22
2
k4

u12

f12

2
2

2
2

k11

k 21

1
3

k
0

k k
1
4

2
1

k32

0 u1 f1 Q1

2
k 2 u 2 f 2 Q2
k 42 u3 f 3 Q3
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Illustration: Bar application


2u
EA 2 F x 0
x
1. Discretization: Divide the bar into N number of
elements. The length of each element will be
(L/N)
2. Derive the element equation from the differential
equation for constant properties an externally
x
applied force:
EA d j d

x he 2 dx
1

u j f i dx 0
dx

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Performing Integration:
EA d j d i

x he 2 dx dx u j f i dx 0

x2

fhe
EA 1 1 u1e
e

he 1 1 u2
2

Note that if the integration is evaluated from 0 to he,


where he is the element length, the same results
will be obtained.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

TwoElement bar example


1
1
1

u
f
1
EA
1
1 1

he 1 1 u2 f 2

EA 1 1 u12 f12
2 2

he 1 1 u 2 f 2
1 1 0 u1
1 R
fhe
EA

1
2

1
u

he
2

0 1 1 u3
1 0
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Applying Boundary Conditions

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Applying BCs
For the bar with fixed left side and free
right side, we may force the value of the
left-displacement to be equal to zero:
1 1 0 0
1 R
fhe
EA

1 2 1 u2
2 0

he
2

0 1 1 u3
1 0

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Solving
Removing the first row and column of the
system of equations:
fhe 2
EA 2 1 u2

he 1 1 u3
2 1

Solving:

2
u2
fhe 3


u
2
EA
4
3

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Secondary Variables
Using the values of the displacements
obtained, we may get the value of the
reaction force:

1 1 0 0
1 R
1 2 1 3 fhe fhe 2 0

2
2
1 0
0 1 1 4 fh

e

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Secondary Variables
Using the first equation, we get:
3 fhe fhe

R
2
2

R 2 fhe

Which is the exact value of the reaction


force.
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Summary
In this lecture, we learned how to
assemble the global matrices of the finite
element model; how to apply the boundary
conditions, and solve the system of
equations obtained.
And finally, how to obtain the secondary
variables.
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Homework #3
Problems #3.9 & 3.13 from the text book
Write down a computer code that solves
the problem for N elements.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Bars and Trusses

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Objectives

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Bar Example (Ex. 4.5.2, p. 187)

Consider the bar shown in the above figure.


It is composed of two different parts. One steel tapered
part, and uniform Aluminum part.
Calculate the displacement field using finite element
method.
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Bar Example
The bar may be represented by two
elements.
The stiffness matrices of the two elements
may be obtained using the following
integration:

d 1

x2
dx d 1
K e EA x

d

2 dx
x1

dx

d 2
dx

1
x2
h2
dx EA x e
1
x1
he2

1
he2
dx
1
he2

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Bar Example
For the Aluminum bar: E=107 psi, and A=1
in2. we get:
K Al

x
10 7 2 1 1
107 1 1

dx

2
120 x1 1 1
120 1 1

For the Steel bar: E=38107 psi, and


2. we get:
A=(1.5-0.5x/96)
in
x
K Fe

3.10 7 2
0.5 x

1.5

2
96 x1
96

1 1
4.75.107
1 1 dx
96

1 1
1 1

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Bar Example
Assembling the Stiffness matrix and
utilizing the external forces, we get:
0
49.5 49.5
10 4 49.5 57.8 8.33
0
8.33 8.33

u1 0 R


5
u

2
.
10

2
0
u 105 0
3

The boundary conditions may be applied


and the system of equations solved.
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Bar Example
Solving, we get:

For the secondary


variables:

u 2 0.061

in
u3 0.181

R 30000 lb

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Reading Task
Please read and understand examples,
4.5.1 & 4.5.3.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Trusses
A truss is a set of bars that are connected
at frictionless joints.
The Truss bars are generally oriented in
the plain.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Trusses
Now, the problem lies in the
transformation of the local displacements
of the bar, which are always in the
direction of the bar, to the global degrees
of freedom that are generally oriented in
the plain.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Equation of Motion
1
0
EA
h 1

0 1 0

0 0 0
0

u1

F1

v1 0

0 u 2 F 2

0 v 2 0
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Transformation Matrix
u1

v1

u2
v2

Local DOF

Cos Sin
Sin Cos

0
0

0
0

Local DOF

0
0
0
0
Cos Sin

Sin Cos

u1
v1

u2
v2

Transforme d
DOF

d
T Transforme
DOF

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Equation of Motion Becomes

K T F

Substituting into the


FEM:
Transforming the
forces:
Finally:

K T T F
T

K F
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Recall
K T T K T

:Where
Cos
Sin

0
0

Sin
Cos
0
0

0
0
0
0
Cos Sin

Sin Cos

1
0
EA
K
h 1

0 1
0 0
0 1
0 0

0
0
0

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Element Stiffness Matrix in Global


Coordinates
0
0
Cos Sin
Sin Cos

0
0
EA

K
0
0
Cos Sin
h

0
0
Sin

Cos

0
0
Cos Sin
Sin Cos

0
0

0
0
Cos Sin

0
0
Sin Cos

0 1 0
0 0 0

1 0 1 0

0
0
0
0

1
0

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Element Stiffness Matrix in Global


Coordinates

Cos
2

1
EA 2 Sin 2
K
h Cos 2

1
Sin 2
2

1
Sin 2
2

Cos
2

Sin
2

1
Sin 2
2
Sin
2

1
Sin 2
2
Cos
2

1
Sin 2
2

Sin 2
2

Sin
2

1
Sin 2

Sin
2

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Example: 4.6.1 pp. 196-201


Use the finite element analysis to find the
displacements of node C.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Element Equations
1
0
EA

K1
L 1

0 1 0
0 0 0
0 1 0
0

0 0
0 1
EA

K2
L 0 0

0 1

0 0
0 1
0 0

0 1

0.3536 0.3536 0.3536


0.3536
0.3536

0
.
3536

0
.
3536

0
.
3536
EA

K3
0.3536
L 0.3536 0.3536 0.3536

0.3536
0.3536 0.3536 0.3536

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Assembly Procedure
0.3536 1 0 0.3536 0.3536
1.3536
0.3536

0
.
3536
0
0

0
.
3536

0
.
3536

1
0
1 0
0
0
EA
K

0
0
0 1
0
1
L
0.3536 0.3536 0 0
0.3536
0.3536

1.3536
0.3536 0.3536 0 1 0.3536

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Global Force Vector


F1x
F
1y
F2 x

F1x
F
1y

F
2y
F3 x
F3 y

F2 x

F
2y
P

2 P

Remember!
NO distributed load
is applied to a truss

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Boundary Conditions

U1 V1 U 2 V2 0
Remove the corresponding rows and columns

EA 0.3536 0.3536

L 0.3536 1.3536

U3 P

V3 2 P

Continue! (as before)


Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Results
PL
3PL
U 3 5.828
, V3
EA
EA

F1x P, F1 y P,
F2 x 0, F2 y 3P
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Postcomputation
e
1

e
2

P
P

Ae Ae
e

e
P1e

Ae Ee 1 1 u1
e
e

L 1 1 u 2
P 2

u1
0
0
Cos Sin

Sin Cos

0
0
v1

0
0
Cos Sin
u2

v2
0
0
Sin Cos

u1

v1

u2
v2

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Postcomputation

(1)

0,

( 2)

3P

,
A

( 3)

P
2
A

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Summary
In this lecture we learned how to apply the
finite element modeling technique to bar
problems with general orientation in a
plain.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Homework #5
Problem 4.27,
Due 13/12/2006 before 9:00am

Problem 4.44,
Due 20/12/2006 before 9:00am

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Announcements
Compensation Tutorial for E15:
Next Sunday 17/12/2006 3rd Period in H6

Next Lecture:
Wednesday 20/12/2006 3rd Period in H6

Next Quiz:
Wednesday 20/12/2006 3rd Period in H6
(This Lecture is included)
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Term Projects
A problem has got to be solved using the
finite element method
A report is going to be presented by each
group presenting the problem and its
solution

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Report should contain:


Cover page
Project Title
Names of team members

Table of contents
Introduction and literature survey

Introduction to the problem


Historical background and relevance of the problem
Papers and books that presented the problem
Latest achievements in the problem
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Report should contain:


The finite element derivation
Governing equation
Derivation of the element matrices
Using Glerkin method
Application of Symbolic manipulator to derive the
matrix equations will be appreciated

Solution procedure

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Report should contain:


The numerical results and verification
Program results
Verification of results compared to published results
Parametric study

Discussion
Observations of the results
Further work that may be performed with the problem
Future developments of the model

References
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Evaluation
Report (50%)
Code (30%)
Structured: Functions built, easily modified
Readability: Organization, remarks
Length: The shorter the better

Results (20%)

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Projects
Heat transfer in a 2-D heat sink
2-D flow around a blunt body in a wind
tunnel
Vibration characteristics of a pipe with
internal fluid flow
Panel flutter of a beam
Rotating Timoshenko beam/blade
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Heat transfer in a 2-D heat sink


The heat sink will have heat flowing from
one side
Convection transfer on the surfaces
Different boundary conditions on the other
three sides
Plot contours of temperature distribution
with different boundary conditions
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

2-D flow around a blunt body in a


wind tunnel
Potential flow in a duct
Rectangular body with different
Dimensions
Study the effect of the body size on the
flow speed on both sides
Plot contours of potential function,
pressure, and velocity potential
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Vibration characteristics of a pipe


with internal fluid flow
Study the change of the natural
frequencies with the flow speed under
different boundary conditions and fluid
density
Indicate the flow speeds at which
instabilities occur

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Panel flutter of a beam


A fixed-fixed beam is subjected to flow
over its surface
Plot the effect of the flow speed on the
natural frequencies of the beam
Indicate the speed at which instability
occurs

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Rotating Timoshenko beam/blade


Rotating beams undergo centrifugal
tension that results in the change of its
natural frequencies
Study the effect of rotation speed on the
beam natural frequencies and frequency
response to excitations at the root

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Teams
2-3 Students teams
Names and selected projects should be
submitted before 4PM on Thursday
21/12/2006

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Work Progress

A report should be submitted By 4PM every Wednesday


27/12/2006
The report should contain a preliminary literature survey
Problem statement
Governing equations

10/1/2007
The report should contain a deeper literature survey
The preliminary derivations of the finite element model

17/1/2007
A more mature version of the report should be presented
Preliminary results of the code
List of the program script should be included

24/1/2007
Final version of the report should be presented together with the code
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Beams and Frames

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Beams and Frames


Beams are the most-used structural
elements.
Many real structures may be
approximated as beam elements
Two main beam theories:
Euler-Bernoulli beam theory
Timoshenko beam theory
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory


The main assumption in the EulerBernoulli beam theory is that the beams
thickness is too small compared to the
beam length
That assumption resulted in that the sheer
deformation of the beam may be
neglected without much error in the
analysis
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Governing Equation
The equation governing the deformation of
and E-B beam under transverse loading
may be written in the form:
2
2
d
d w
EI x 2 F ( x)
2
dx
dx

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Thin-Beam Elements


The thin beam element has a special feature,
namely, the two degrees of freedom at each
node are related.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Beam Interpolation Function


w( x) a1 a2 x a3 x a4 x
2

w x 1 x

w x H x a
dw x dH x
2
a H x x a 0 1 2 x 3x a

dx
dx
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Beam Interpolation Function


w 0 w1 H 0 a

w l w2 H l a

w' 0 w'1 H x 0 a

w' l w'2 H x l a

w1
w'
1
w2
w'2

H 0
H 0
x

a1
a
2

T a

H l a3


H x l a4

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Beam Interpolation Function

w1
w'
1
w2
w'2

1
0

1 0
l l2

0
0
l3

a1
a
2

a3
2
1 2l 3l a4

a1
a
2
a3
a4

1
0
3
2
l
2
l 3

0
1
2
l
1
l2

0
0
3
2
l
2
l3

0
1

l
1
l 2

w1
w'
1

w2
w'2

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Beam Interpolation Function


a T 1we
w x H x a H x T

w N x w
e

w x N i x wi
i 1

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Beam Interpolation Function

N x N x

3x 2 2 x 3
1 2 3
l
l
2 x 2 x3
x
3
l
l
2
3
3x
2x
3
2

l
l
x 2 x3
2
l l
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Interpolation Functions

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Beam Stiffness Matrix


The governing equation is:

d
d w
EI x 2 F ( x)
2
dx
dx
2

Using the series solution


4

w x N i x wi
i 1

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Beam Stiffness Matrix


The governing equation becomes

d Ni
d
EI x
wi F ( x) R( x)

2
2
dx
i 1 dx

Applying Galerkin method:


le
le
4 d2

d 2 Ni

R
(
x
)
N
dx

EI
x
w

F
(
x
)
N
dx

j
i
j
2
0
0 i 1 dx 2

dx

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Beam Stiffness Matrix


Using integration by parts, twice, and
ignoring the boundary terms, we get:
le
2
2
4

d
N
d
N
j
i
EI x

F
(
x
)
N
i
j dx 0
2
2
0 i 1

dx
dx

In matrix form:
le

EI x N N
xx

le

dx w F ( x) N xx dx
e

xx

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Use of Symbolic Manipulator


Beam Example

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Optional Homework #6
Derive the expression for the interpolation
function for a beam in terms of nodal
displacements and slopes.
Try to use a symbolic manipulator to
generate the expressions.
2

d w
d w
A 2 EI 4 F ( x)
dt
dx
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Two Dimensional Elements

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

2-D Elements
In this section, we will be introduced to two
dimensional elements with single degree
of freedom per node.
Detailed attention will be paid to
rectangular elements.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

For the 2-D BV Problem


Lets consider a problem with a single
dependent variable
We may set one degree of freedom to
each node; say fi.
Further, lets only consider a rectangular
element that is aligned with the physical
coordinates
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

A Rectangular Element
For the approximation
of a general function
f(x,y) over the element
you need a 2-D
interpolation function

f x, y a1 a2 x a3 y a4 xy
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Lets follow the same


procedure!

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

2-D Interpolation Function


f x, y H x, y a

f ( x, y ) a1 a2 x a3 y a4 xy
f 0,0 f1 H 0,0 a

f a, b f 3 H a, b a

f1
f
2
f3
f 4

f a,0 f 2 H 0, a a
f 0, b f 4 H 0, b a

H 0,0
H a ,0

a1
a
2

T a

H a, b a3


H 0b a4

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

2-D Interpolation Function

f1
f
2
f3
f 4

1 0 0
1 a 0

0
0

a1
a
2

1 a b ab a3


1 0 b 0 a4

a1
a
2
a3
a4

1
1
a
1

b
1
ab

0
1
a

1
ab

1
ab

0

0

b
1
ab

f1

f2

f3

f 4

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

2-D Interpolation Function


f x, y H x, y a N x, y f e

N x , y N x, y
T

x y xy
1
a b ab

x xy

a ab

xy

ab

y xy

b ab

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

How does this look like?

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

2-D Interpolation Functions

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

2-D Interpolation Functions

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Example: Laplace Equation


0
2


2 0
2
x
y
2

i N i x, y N x, y
4

i 1

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Example: Laplace Equation


i N i x, y N x, y e
4

i 1

Applying the Galerkin method and integrating by parts,


the element equation becomes

N N
x

Area

N
N
dA

0
x
y
y

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Element Equaiton


2 a 2 b 2
2
1 a 2b 2
6ab a 2 b 2

2
2

2
a

a 2 2b 2
2 a 2 b 2
2a 2 b 2

a 2 b2
2a 2 b 2
2 a 2 b 2

a 2 b2

a 2 2b 2

2a 2 b 2
2
2
a b e
0
2
2
a 2b
2
2
2 a b

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Logistic Problem!

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

The Logistic Problem


In the 2-D problems, the numbering
scheme, usually, is not as straight forward
as the 1-D problem

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

1-D Example
Element #1 is associated with nodes 1&2
Element #2 is associated with nodes 2&3, etc

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

2-D Example

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

2-D Example

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

For Element #5
Local Node Number

Global Node Number

8
Introduction to the Finite Element Method
Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Contribution of element #5 to global


matrix
1

1,1

1,2

1,4

1,3

2,1

2,2

2,4

2,3

4,1

4,2

4,4

4,3

3,1

3,2

3,4

3,3

10

11

12

1
2
3
4

10
11
12

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

A Solution for the Logistics


Problem
One solution of the logistic problem is to
keep a record of elements and the
mapping of the local numbering scheme to
the global numbering scheme in a table!

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Elements Register: Global


Numbering
Element
Number

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
4
7
2
5
8

Node Number
2
3
2
5
8
3
6
9

5
8
11
6
9
12

4
4
7
10
5
8
11

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

Algorithm for Assembling Global


Matrix
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Create a square matrix A;


N*N (N=Number of nodes)
For the ith element
Get the element matrix B
For the jth node
Get its global number k
For the mth node
Get its global number n
Let Akn=Akn+Bjm
Repeat for all m
Repeat for all j
Repeat for all i

10

11

12

1
2Element
3Number

Node Number
1

11

10

11

12

12

11

4
5
6

9
10

Introduction to the Finite Element Method


Dr. Mohammad Tawfik

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