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Lecture

MEC 302

Mechanics Of Materials
MEC 302
Professor: Dr. Hussien Ali Hussien
Hussien.alihussien@adu.ac.ae
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Office D-2F-236 Ph# 02 501 5525

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Course Learning outcomes

Upon successful completion of this course, a student will be

able to:
n Demonstrate an understanding of the fundamental
principles of mechanics of deformable bodies. (a3)
n Conduct experiments properly and safely, as well as
analyze and interpret results. (b2)
n Explain how bars and beams deflect under externally
applied forces and calculate deflections. (a3)
n Explain how structures internally resist externally applied
loads and calculate internal forces or stresses. (a3)
n Determine maximum stresses and its directions to
determine possible failure planes. (c3)
n Derive the relations between deflections and internal
forces. (e1)
n Determine required sizes of bars and beams (design)
given the properties of the materials and the loading
conditions. (c1)
n Determine critical buckling load of columns. (e1)
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 Catalog Description: Stress and strain; Material

behavior; Hooke's law; Axial loading; Safety factors;
Shear force and bending moment diagrams; Bending
stresses and deflections; Shear stresses in beams;
Torsion of circular members; Combined stresses;
Mohr's circle; Buckling of columns; Engineering
applications.

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Syllabus

Prerequisites: CIV 201 Statics.

MEC 302

Course Text: F. P. Beer, E.R. Johnston, J. T. Dewolf,

and D. F. Mazurek (2012), Mechanics of Materials,
Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill.

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Syllabus

Absences: On those days when you will be

absent, find a friend or an acquaintance to
take notes or visit the blackboard. Absences
checked in the class is final. No any excuse
will change it.
Homework assignments: Homework
problems will be assigned on a weekly basis.
Problems will be solved using the ProblemSolving Technique on a white A4 paper with
no more than one problem written on one
page of paper. Homework will be due on
Tuesdays, with your name, ID#, section #
written legibly on the front of the title page.
The homework will be graded as questions
attempted only.
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Syllabus
Problem-Solving Technique:
A. Known
B. Find
C. Assumptions
D. Schematic
E. Analysis, and
F. Results
Quiz : You will solve one or two questions every 2
weeks in the class as a 10-15 min quiz.
Tests and Final Exam: There are three Tests during
the semester, and a final comprehensive exam at
the end of the semester.

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Syllabus

Final Project: There is a final project, it will

consist of a design of a product by applying
knowledge gained from the course. It will be due
on Sunday Nov. 22 2014 followed by a
presentation on Thursday.
The total course grade is comprised of homework
assignments, quizzes, partial exams, final exam,
and a project as follows:
Homework 5%
6 Quizzes 20%
3 Tests
25%
Final Exam
30%
Term Project
10%
Lab 10%
Total
100%
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Course Grading

Cheating: You are allowed to cooperate

on homework by sharing ideas and
methods. Copying will not be tolerated.
Submitted work copied from others will
be reported to the OAI and will get zero
marks. Zero tolerance for violating AI.
NOTE: all papers will be run through
TURNITIN.
Attendance: Attending other section
will not compensate for your absence
(No Attendance makeup). This goes the
same for HW# Submission, Quizzes,
and Tests.
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Course Materials

Most Course Materials (Course Notes,

Handouts, Homework, Final Project, and
Communications) are on the Blackboard.
Updated Power Point Lectures will posted
every week or two weeks.
Office Hours:

Sun., Tue. @ 5 to 6 PM
Mon., Wed. @ 10-11 AM & 2 to 4 PM
By appointment (No walk-in please)
No office hours on Thursdays
At my office
D-2F236

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Tentative Lectures Schedule

Week#

Reading

Topic

1) Sep 6

Introduction Concept of Stress,

2) Sep 13

Introduction Concept of Stress

3) Sep 20

Stress and StrainAxial Loading,

4) Sep 27

Stress and StrainAxial Loading,

5) Oct 4

Torsion,

Quiz3 3.1-3.5

6) Oct 11

Torsion

3.6-3.8

7) Oct 18

Pure Bending,

8) Oct 25

Analysis and Design of Beams for Bending,

9) Nov 1

Shearing Stresses in Beams and Thin-Walled Members, Quiz5 6.1-6.7,

10) Nov 8

Transformations of Stress and Strain

7.1-7.3

11) Nov 15 Transformations of Stress and Strain,

Test3 7.4-7.9

12) Nov 29 Deflections of Beams,

13) Dec 6

Quiz1 1.1-1.7
1.8-1.13
Quiz2

Test1 2.11-2.19

Quiz4

4.1-4.7,

Test2

5.1-5.4

Quiz6

Columns (Buckling)

2.1-2.10

9.1-9.5 & 9.7

10.1-10.6

Final Exam
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 James M. Gere, (2004), Mechanics of

Materials, seventh edition, Brooks/Cole,
Thomson Learning.
MechMovies website
http://web.mst.edu/~
mecmovie/index.html

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MEC 302

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Reference

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Lecture

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Chapter 1

Introduction
Concept of Stress

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Contents

Concept of Stress

Bearing Stress in Connections

Review of Statics

Stress Analysis & Design Example

Structure Free-Body Diagram

Rod & Boom Normal Stresses

Component Free-Body Diagram

Pin Shearing Stresses

Method of Joints

Pin Bearing Stresses

Stress Analysis

Stress in Two Force Members

Design

Stress on an Oblique Plane

Axial Loading: Normal Stress

Maximum Stresses

Centric & Eccentric Loading

Stress Under General Loadings

Shearing Stress

State of Stress

Shearing Stress Examples

Factor of Safety

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Concept of Stress

The main objective of the study of the

mechanics of materials is to provide the
future engineer with the means of analyzing
and designing various machines and load
bearing structures.
Both the analysis and design of a given
structure involve the determination of
stresses and deformations. This chapter is
devoted to the concept of stress.
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Review of Statics

The structure is designed

to support a 30 kN load
The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by
pins (zero moment
connections) at the
junctions and supports

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Perform a static analysis to

determine the internal
force in each structural
member and the reaction
forces at the supports
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Structure Free-Body Diagram

Structure is detached from supports

and the loads and reaction forces
are indicated
Conditions for static equilibrium:
M C 0 Ax 0.6 m 30 kN 0.8 m
Ax 40 kN

Fx 0 Ax C x
C x Ax 40 kN

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Fy 0 Ay C y 30 kN 0
Ay C y 30 kN

Ay and Cy can not be determined

from these equations
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Component Free-Body Diagram

In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
M B 0 Ay 0.8 m
Ay 0

substitute into the structure

equilibrium equation
C y 30 kN

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Results:
A 40 kN C x 40 kN C y 30 kN

Reaction forces are directed along

boom and rod

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Method of Joints
The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e., the
members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends
For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to to
an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

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Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

F
B 0

FAB FBC 30 kN

4
5
3
FAB 40 kN
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FBC 50 kN
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Stress Analysis

Can the structure safely support the

30 kN load?
From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of

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dBC = 20 mm

P
50 103 N
BC
159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m 2

From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
all 165 MPa

Conclusion: the strength of member BC is

adequate
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Design
Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
For reasons based on cost, weight, availability, etc.,
the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum all= 100 MPa) What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P
all
A

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d2
A
4

all

50 103 N
100 106 Pa

500 10 6 m 2

4A
4 500 10 6 m 2
d

2.52 10 2 m 25.2 mm

An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is

adequate
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Axial Loading: Normal Stress

The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
The force intensity on that section is defined as
the normal stress.
F
A0 A

lim

ave

P
A

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The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P ave A dF dA
A

The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
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Centric & Eccentric Loading

A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.

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A uniform distribution of stress is only possible

if the concentrated loads on the end sections
of two-force members are applied at the
section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.
If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,
then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
moment.
The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded
members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
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Shearing Stress
Forces P and P are applied transversely to the
member AB.
Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of
section C and are called shearing forces.
The resultant of the internal shear force distribution
is defined as the shear of the section and is equal
to the load P.
The corresponding average shear stress is,

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ave

P
A

Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the

member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be
uniform.
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Shearing Stress Examples

Single Shear

ave

Double Shear

P F

A A

ave
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P F

A 2A
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Bearing Stress in Connections

Bolts, rivets, and pins create

stresses on the points of
contact or bearing surfaces of
the members they connect.
The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.

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Corresponding average force

intensity is called the bearing
stress,
b

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P P

A td

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Stress Analysis & Design Example

MechMovies website
http://web.mst.edu/~
mecmovie/index.html

Would like to determine the

stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.
From a statics analysis:
FAB = 40 kN (compression)

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FBC = 50 kN (tension)
Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection

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Rod & Boom Normal Stresses

The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
At the rod center, the average normal stress in the circular
cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is BC = +159 MPa.
At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional
area occurs at the pin centerline,
A 20 mm 40 mm 25 mm 300 10 6 m 2

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P
50 103 N
BC ,end
167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2

The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40

kN and average normal stress of 26.7 MPa.
The minimum area sections at the boom ends are
unstressed since the boom is in compression.
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Pin Shearing Stresses

The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
25 mm
A r

491 10 6 m 2

The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC,

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P
50 103 N
C , ave
102 MPa

6
2
A 49110 m

The pin at A is in double shear with a total

force equal to the force exerted by the
boom AB,
A, ave
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P
20 kN

40.7 MPa

6
2
A 49110 m
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Pin Shearing Stresses

Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
PE 15 kN
PG 25 kN (largest)

Evaluate the corresponding average shearing

stress,
PG
25 kN

50.9 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

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B, ave

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Pin Bearing Stresses

To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB, we

have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
b

P
40 kN

53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm

To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket, we

have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P
40 kN

32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm

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MEC 302

Methods of Problem Solution

You should approach a problem in mechanics of
materials as you would approach an actual engineering
situation. By drawing on your own experience and
intuition, you will find it easier to understand and
formulate the problem.
Once the problem has been clearly stated. Your solution
must be based on the fundamental principles of statics
and on the principles you will learn in this course.
Every step you take must be justified on these basis,
leaving no room for your intuition.
After an answer has been obtained, it should be
checked. Here again, you may call upon your common
sense and personal experience.
If not completely satisfied with the result obtained, you
should carefully check your formulation of the problem,
the validity of the methods used in its solution, and the
accuracy of your computations.
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MEC 302

Methods of Problem Solution

The statement of the problem should be clear and
precise. It should contain the given data and indicate
what information is required.
A simplified drawing showing all essential quantities
involved should be included.
The solution of most of the problems you will encounter
and will necessitate that you first determine the
reactions at supports and internal forces and couples.
And the drawing of one or several free-body diagrams,
as was done in Sec. 1.2, from which you will write
equilibrium equations.
These equations can be solved for the unknown forces,
from which the required stresses and deformations will
be computed.
After the answer has been obtained, it should be
carefully checked.
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MEC 302

Methods of Problem Solution

Mistakes in reasoning can often be detected by
carrying the units through your computations and
checking the units obtained for the answer.
For example, in the design of the rod discussed in
Sec. 1.4, we found, after carrying the units through
our computations, that the required diameter of the
rod was expressed in millimeters, which is the
correct unit for a dimension.
if another unit had been found, we would have
known that some mistake had been made.
Errors in computation will usually be found by
substituting the numerical values obtained into an
equation which has not yet been used and verifying
that the equation is satisfied.
The importance of correct computations in
engineering cannot be overemphasized.
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Sample Problem 1.1

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Sample Problem 1.1

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Sample Problem 1.1

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Sample Problem 1.2

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Sample Problem 1.2

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Sample Problem 1.2

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Stress in Two Force Members

Axial forces on a two force member

result in only normal stresses on a
plane cut perpendicular to the
member axis.

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Transverse forces on bolts and pins

result in only shear stresses on
the plane perpendicular to bolt or
pin axis.
Will show that either axial or transverse
forces may produce both normal and
shear stresses with respect to a plane
other than one cut perpendicular to the
member axis.
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Stress on an Oblique Plane

Pass a section through the member forming an
angle with the normal plane.
From equilibrium conditions, the distributed
forces (stresses) on the plane must be
equivalent to the force P.
Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
F P cos

V P sin

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The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are

3- 40

F
P cos
P

cos 2
A A0
A0
cos
V
P sin
P

sin cos
A A0
A0
cos
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Maximum Stresses

Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique

plane

P
cos 2
A0

P
sin cos
A0

The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,

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P
A0

The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at +

45o with respect to the axis,
m

3- 41

P
P
sin 45 cos 45

A0
2 A0

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Stress Under General Loadings

A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q
The distribution of internal stress
components may be defined as,
F x
x lim
A0 A

xy lim

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A 0

V yx
A

Vzx
xz lim
A0 A

For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.
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State of Stress
Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
Fx Fy Fz 0
Mx M y Mz 0

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Consider the moments about the z axis:

M z 0 xy A a yx A a
xy yx
similarly, yz zy

and yz zy

It follows that only 6 components of stress are

required to define the complete state of stress
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State of Stress

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MEC 302

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

In the preceding sections you learned to

determine the stresses in rods, bolts, and
pins under simple loading conditions.
In later chapters you will learn to
determine stresses in more complex
situations.
In engineering applications, however, the
determination of stresses is seldom an
end in itself.
Rather, the knowledge of stresses is used
by engineers to assist in their most
important task, namely, the design of
structures and machines that will safely
and economically perform a specified
function.
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MEC 302

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
a. Determination of the Ultimate Strength of a Material
An important element to be considered by a designer is
how the material that has been selected will behave
under a load.
For a given material, this is determined by performing
specific tests on prepared samples of the material.
For example, a test specimen of steel may be prepared
and placed in a laboratory testing machine to be
subjected to a known centric axial tensile force, as
described in Sec. 2.3.
As the magnitude of the force is increased, various
changes in the specimen are measured, for example,
changes in its length and its diameter.

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

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a. Determination of the Ultimate Strength of a

Material
Several test procedures are available to determine the
ultimate shearing stress, or ultimate strength in shear,
of a material.
The one most commonly used involves the twisting of a
circular tube (Sec.3.5).
A more direct, if less accurate, procedure consists in
clamping a rectangular or round bar in a shear tool (Fig.
1.39) and applying an increasing load P until the
ultimate load PU for single shear is obtained.

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

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a. Determination of the Ultimate Strength of a

Material
If the free end of the specimen rests on both
of the hardened dies (Fig. 1.40), the ultimate
load for double shear is obtained.

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
c. Factor of safety
considerations:
1.uncertainty in material
properties .
2.uncertainty of loadings.
3.uncertainty of analyses.
4.number of loading cycles.
5.types of failure.
6.maintenance requirements and
deterioration effects.
7.importance of member to
integrity of whole structure.
8.risk to life and property.
9.influence on machine function.

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Sample Problem 1.3

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Sample Problem 1.3

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Sample Problem 1.4

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Sample Problem 1.4

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