Problems

1. Fora5Kbytespacketssentovera10Mbps
transmissionlink,whatisthetransmissiontimeofthe
packet?
(5Kx8)/10M=4msec

2.A600bytepacketissentovera20Kbpspointtopoint
linkwhosepropagationdelayis10msec.Afterhowmuch
delaywillthepacketreachthedestination?
10msec+(600x8)/20K=250msec

3.Givena1Gbpspointtopointcopperwire(propagation
speed200m/s)withalengthof2km.Ignoringthe
acknowledgments,a)howmuchisthetransmissiontimefor
a10MBfile?
Transmissiontime=
DataLength/DataRate=L/R=
(10*10^6*8)/(1*10^9)=0.08secb)
howmuchisthepropagationdelay?
Propagationdelay=Distance/propagation=D/V
=(2*10^3)/(200/10^6)=10sec

4.Whatisthethroughputwhenretrievinga1MBfileacrossa
1Gbpsnetworkwitharoundtriptimeof100msec,again
disregardingACKs?
Throughput=TransferSize/Transfertime
Transfertime=RTT+(1/Bandwidth)*TransferSize
=(100*10^3)+(1/10^9)*(8*10^6)=108msec
Throughput=(8*10^6)/(108*10^3)=74.074Mbps

5.Considerapointtopointlink2kminlength.Atwhat
bandwidthwouldpropagationdelay(ataspeedof2108
m/s)equaltransmitdelayfor100bytepackets?Whatabout
512bytepackets?
Solution:Sincetransmit=size/bandwidthandpropagation=
distance/speedoflight=2*103m/(2*108m/s)
=1*105s,wecanconcludethatbandwidth=size/
(distance/speedoflight).
100byte/1*105s=10MB/s=80Mbps
512byte/1*105s=409.6Mbp

6.Howwideisabitona1Gbpslink?Howlongisabitin
copperwire,wherethespeedwideofpropagationis
2.3*108m/s?
Solution:
1Gbps=109bps,and1bitona1Gbpslinkis1/109bps=109s
wide.
Ifthespeedofpropagationis2.3*108m/s,thenthelengthofa
bitis(2.3*108m/s)*(109s)=0.23m

7.Supposea100MbpspointtopointlinkisbeingsetupbetweenEarthandanewlunar
colony.ThedistancefromthemoontoEarthis385000kmanddatatravelsoverthelink
atcolony.thespeed3x108m/s.
(a)CalculatetheminimumRTTforthelink.
(b)UsingtheRTTasthedelay,calculatethedelay*bandwidthproductforthelink.
(c)Whatisthesignificanceofthedelay*bandwidthproductcomputedin(b).
(d)AcameraonthelunarbasetakespicturesofEarthandsavesthemindigitalformatto
disk.SupposeMissionControlonEarthwishestodownloadthemostcurrentimage,
whichis25MB.Whatistheminimumamountoftimethatwillelapsebetweenwhen
therequestforthedatagoesoutandthetransferisfinished?
Solution:
(a)RTT=2*distance/speed=2*3.85*108m/(3*108m/s)=2.567s
(b)Delay*bandwidth=2.567s*100Mbps=256.7Mb=32.09MB
(c)Thedelay*bandwidthproductcorrespondstohowmanybitsthesendermusttransmit
beforethefirstbitarrivesatthereceiver.
(d)Totaltransfertime=RTT+transmittime=2.567s+size/bandwidth=2.567s+
(25*8/100)s=4.567s

8.Calculatethelatency(fromfirstbitsenttolastbitreceived)forthefollowing:
(a)A10MbpsEthernetwithasinglestoreandforwardswitchinthepath,
andapacketsizeof5000bits.Assumethateachlinkintroducesapropagation
delayof10s,andthattheswitchbeginsretransmittingimmediatelyafterit
hasfinishedreceivingthepacket.
(b)Sameas(a)butwith3switches.
(c)Sameas(a)butassumetheswitchimplementscutthroughswitching:it
isabletobegincutthroughretransmittingthepacketafterthefirst200bits
havebeenreceived.
Solution:
(a)Eachlinehasatransmitdelay=size/bandwidth=5000bits/10Mbps=
5*104s.Thereare2links,eachproduces2*10*106s=2*105s.Sothelatency
is2*transmitdelay+propagationdelay=1.02*103s.
(b)3switcheshave4lines.Thelatencyis4*transmitdelay+4*propagation
delay=2.04*103s.
(c)Withcutthroughswitching,thetransmitdelayofthefirstlineis200bits
/10Mbps=2*105s.Sothelatency=2*propagationdelay+firsttransmit
delay+secondtransmitdelay=2*105s+2*105s+5*104s=5.4*104s.

9.Supposethatacertaincommunicationsprotocolinvolvesaperpacket
overheadof100bytesforheadersandframing.Wesend1millionbytesofdata
usingthisprotocol;however,onedatatypeiscorruptedandtheentirepacket
containingitisthuslost.Givethetotallost.numberofoverhead+lossbytes
forpacketdatasizesof1000,5000,10000,and20000bytes.Whichsizeis
optimal?
Solution:
Packetnumber=1*106/DataSize.
Totaloverhead=100bytes*Packetnumber=100*(1*106/DataSize)
Lose=datasize
Totalsize=totaloverhead+lose=100*(1*106/DataSize)+datasize
1000bytes:1*108/1000+1000=1.01*105
5000bytes:1*108/5000+5000=2.5*104
10000bytes:1*108/10000+10000=2*104
20000bytes:1*108/20000+20000=2.5*104
The10000bytesisoptimal.

10.Assumeyouwishtotransferannbytefilealongapathcomposedofthesource,
destination,sevenpointtopointlinks,andfiveswitches.Supposeeachlinkhasa
propagationdelayof2ms,bandwidthof4Mbps,andthattheswitchessupport
bothcircuitandpacketswitching.Thusyoucaneitherbreakthefileupinto1KB
packets,orsetupacircuitthroughtheswitchesandsendthefileasone
contiguousbitstream.Supposethatpacketshave24bytesofpacketheader
informationand1000bytesofpayload,thatstoreandforwardpacketprocessing
ateachswitchincursa1msdelayafterthepackethasbeencompletelyreceived,
thatpacketsmaybesentcontinuouslywithoutwaitingforacknowledgments,
andthatcircuitsetuprequiresa1KBmessagetomakeoneroundtriponthe
pathincurringa1msdelayateachswitchafterthemessagehasbeencompletely
received.Assumeswitchesintroducenodelaytodatatraversingacircuit.You
mayalsoassumethatfilesizeisamultipleof1000bytes.
(a)Forwhatfilesizenbytesisthetotalnumberofbytessentacrossthenetworkless
forcircuitsthanforpackets?
(b)Forwhatfilesizenbytesisthetotallatencyincurredbeforetheentirefilearrives
atthedestinationlessforcircuitsthanforpackets?

Solution:
A)Packetswitching:packetspayanongoingperpacketcostof
24Bytesforatotalcountof1024x(numberofpackets)=
1024*n/1000bytes
Circuitswitching:circuitspayanupfrontpenaltyof1KB
beingsentacrossthenetworktwiceforatotaldatacountof
2000+nbytes
Sothequestionreallyaskshowmanypacketheadersdoesit
taketoexceed2000bytes,whichis~83.34.
Thus,forfileslongerthan~83,340bytes,usingpacketsresults
inmoretotaldatasent.

BPacketswitching:
Totaltransferlatency=(transmitdelayforallpktsatthesource)+
(perpkttransmitdelayintroducedbyeachswitch)+(perpkt
processingdelayintroducedbyeachswitch)+(propagationdelay
foralllinks)
=(c*t)+(x*t)+(x*0.001)+((x+1)*0.001)
=2.731*106n+0.01992
c:numberofpackets=n/1000
t:transmissiontimeofapacket=1024*8bit/3Mbps
x:numberofswitches=4
b:bandwidth=3Mbps

Circuitswitching:
Totaltransferlatency=(transmitdelayforthewholefileatsource)+
(propagationdelayforalllinks)+(setuptimeforthecircuit)
=8n/b+((x+1)*0.001)+2*(1000*8/b+(x*1000*8/b)
+(x*0.001)+((x+1)*0.001))
=2.667*106n+0.04967seconds
2.731*106n+0.01992>2.667*106n+0.04967
Solving
=>n>465KB(roundingtothenext1000bytes)

11.Considerapointtopointlink2kminlength.Atwhat

bandwidthwouldpropagationdelay(ataspeedof2x
108m/s)equaltransmittimefor100bytepackets?What
about512bytepackets?Propagationdelay=D/V=
(2*10^3)/(2*10^8)=10^5sec
Transmissiontimefor100
bytespackets=L/R=(100*8)/R=10^5,soR=80Mbps
Transmissiontimefor512
bytespackets=L/R=(512*8)/R=10^5,R=409.6Mbps