ELEN 3524: Electrical

Transmission and Distribution

1. Overview of Distribution
Systems
2. Load Characteristics
Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc, REE, RME
BSEE-PUP
MSEE, Major in Power Systems - MIT (on-going)

Overview of Distribution
Systems
Electric energy is the most popular form of energy
because it can be transported easily at high
efficiency and reasonable cost

Electric Industry
Structure
The bulk generation of electricity in the Philippines
is produced by power generating companies or
IPPs (Independent Power Producers)
The transmission system of the Philippines is
handled by the National Grid Corporation of the
Philippines
Distribution of electrical energy to customers is
handled by distribution utilities such as MERALCO
and Electric Cooperatives
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Modern Power System

Generation
Transmission or Sub-transmission
Distribution
Loads or End user

Modern Power System

Figure 1.1 Electric Power System Structure

Modern Power System

Figure 1.2 Modern

Power System
Structure

Generation
One of the essential components of power systems
is the three-phase ac generator called synchronous
generator or alternator.
Definitions from RA9136
Generation of Electricity
The production of electricity by Generation Company
Generation Company
Any person or entity authorized by the Energy Regulation
Commission (ERC) to operate a facilities used in the generation of
electricity.

Transmission
The purpose of an overhead transmission network is
to transfer electric energy from generating units at
various locations to the distribution system.
Voltage Level: 500kV, 230kV, 115kV(Mostly MERALCO
franchise areas), Visayas and Mindanao grid: 138kV, 230kV
Definitions from RA9136
Transmission of Electricity
Refers to the conveyance of electricity through the high voltage
backbone of the system

Distribution
Distribution system is the part that connects the
distribution substation to the consumers serviceentrance equipment.
Voltage level: 115/66 or 69kV(subtransmission),
34.5/19.92kV, 13.2/7.62kV, 460/265, 230
Definitions from RA9136
Distribution System
Refers to the system of wires and associated facilities belonging
to a franchised distribution utility extending between the delivery
points on the transmission or subtransmission system or generator
connection and the point of connection to the premises of the enduser.
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Distribution

Distribution of Electricity
Refers to the conveyance of electric power by distribution
utility through its distribution system.

Distribution Utility
Refers to any electric cooperative, private corporation,
government owned utility or existing local government unit
which ha an exclusive franchise to operate a distribution
system.

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Loads or End-User
Loads of power systems are divided into industrial,
commercial, and residential
Voltage Level: 69kV, 34.5kV, 13.8kV, 460V, 230V
Definitions from RA9136
End-User
Refers to any person or entity requiring the supply and deliviery
of electricity for its own use

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Voltage Class
Voltage class is the term often used by equipment
manufacturers and power companies to identify the
voltage that the equipment will be connected to
Voltage Class

Voltage Category

Under 600 V

Low Voltage

601-7200 V

Medium Voltage

15 kV 138 kV

High Voltage

230 kV- 750kV

Extra High Voltage

Above 1,000,000

Ultra High Voltage

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Distribution System
Consideration
In determining the design of distribution systems, three broad
classications of choices need to be considered:

1. The type of electric system: dc or ac, and if ac, single-phase

or polyphase.
2. The type of delivery system: radial, loop, or network. Radial
systems include duplicate and throwover systems.
3. The type of construction: overhead or underground.

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Distribution System
Consideration
DESIRED FEATURES
Electrical energy may be distributed over two or more wires.
The principal features desired are:

Safety
Smooth and even ow of power
As far as is practical; and economy.

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Types of Electric System

Direct Current Systems

Alternating Current Single-Phase Systems
Two-wire Systems
Three-wire Systems
Alternating Current Three-Phase Systems
Three-wire Systems
Four-wire Systems

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Types of Delivery System

Primary Distribution System

which carries the load at higher than utilization voltages
from the substation (or other source) to the point where
the voltage is stepped down to the value at which the
energy is utilized by the consumer.
Radial Distribution
Ring Distribution

Secondary distribution
which includes that part of the system operating at
utilization voltages, up to the meter at the consumer s
premises.

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Types of Delivery System

Radial Systems
The radial-type system is the simplest and the one most
commonly used. It comprises separate feeders or circuits
radiating out of the substation or source, each feeder
usually serving a given area.

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Types of Delivery System

Ring Distribution Systems
Another means of restricting the duration of interruption employs
feeders designed as loops, which essentially provide a two-way
primary feed for critical consumers. Here, should the supply from one
direction fail, the entire load of the feeder may be carried from the
other end, but sufcient spare capacity must be provided in the
feeder.

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Load Characteristics
In the planning of an electrical distribution system, as in any other
enterprise, it is necessary to know three basic things:

1.
The quantity of the product or service desired (per unit of time)
2.
The quality of the product or service desired
3.
The location of the market and the individual consumers

Logically, then, it would be well to begin with the basic building

blocks, the individual consumers, and then determine efcient means
of supplying their wants, individually and collectively.

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Load Characteristics
In general types of load can be divided into the following
categories: Residential, Commercial, and Industrial.

Residential Load: mainly consists of lights, fans, refrigerators,

airconditioners, mixer, ovens, small pumping motor, etc.

Commercial Load; mainly consists of lighting for shops, offices,

advertisements etc., fans, heating, air conditioning and many
other electrical appliances used in commercial establishments
such as market places, restaurants etc.

Industrial Load: consists of small scale industries , medium scale

industries, large scale industries, and heavy industries

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Daily Load Curve

Daily load curve of a utility is a composite of demands made by various
classes of users

Figure 1.3 Load Curve

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Consumer Factors
It is obvious that an individual consumer is not apt to be using
all of the electrical devices that constitute his or her
connected load at the same time, or to their full capacity.
It would evidently be unnecessary to provide facilities to serve
such a total possible load, and much more economical to
provide only for a probable load, the load creating the demand
on the distribution facilities.

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Consumer Factors

terminals averaged

Demand Interval the time period over which average

load is computed
Maximum Demand the greatest value of all demands
which occurred in a specied period of time.
Demand Factor the ratio of maximum demand of the
system to the total connected load of the system

the load at the receiving

Demand
over a specied
amount of time

fEQ. 1.1

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Load Curve

the ratio of average load over a designated

Load
periodFactor
of time to the peak load occurring in that period.
EQ. 1.2

Utilization Factor the ratio of the maximum demand of

a system to the rated capacity of the system

1.3
Plant Factor the ratio of the annual energyEQ.
generation
to
the plant capacity x Specied time period

EQ. 1.4

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Consumer Factors

Example Demand Factor:

a consumer may have ten 10-hp motors installed; at any one
time, some will not be in use and others will not be fully
loaded, so that the actual demand may be only 50 hp; the
demand factor is 50 divided by 100, or 50 percent.

Example Load Factor:

a consumer household may have a maximum demand of 2 kW
during the evening when many of its lights, the TV, the
dishwasher, and other appliances are in use. During the 24-h
period, the energy consumed may be 12 kWh; thus the
average demand or load is 12 kWh divided by 24 h, or 0.5 kW,
and the load factor in this case is 0.5 kW divided by 2 kW, or
25 percent.

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Power Demand
Problems
A power station supplies the load as tabulated below:
a) Plot the load curve and nd out
the load factor.
b) Determine the proper number
and size of generating units to
supply this load
c) Find the reserve capacity of the
plant and plant factor
d) Find out the operating schedule of generating units
selected.

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Power Demand Problems

Solution:
a)Units generated during 24 hours
=[(2x1.2)+2+(3x3)+(2x1.5)+(4x2.5)+(2x1.8)+2+(2x1)+6+0.5+0.8]
= 37.8 MWhr

b) Maximum Demand = 3 MW. Therefore 4 generating units rating of

1.0 MW each may be selected. During the period of maximum
demand 3 units will operate and 1 unit will remain as stand by
c) Plant Capacity = 4 x 1.0 MW = 4.0 MW
Reserved Capacity = 4 3 = 1.0 MW
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Power Demand Problems

Solution:
c)

d) Operating Schedule will be as follows:

One generating unit 24 hours
Second generating unit 6AM 9PM (15 hours)
Third generating unit 9AM 12 Noon and 2PM 6PM (7 hours)

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Supplementary Problems
1) The annual load of a substation is given in the following table.
During each month, the power is assumed constant at an average
value. Plot the annual load curve. Find the average load and the
annual load factor. Find also the proper number, size of generating
units
to supply this load and the reserve capacity.

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