Kinetics 2.2.

2
• Linear Motion
• Projectile Motion
• Newton Law of Motions
• Velocity Ratio, Mechanical advantage & Efficiency.
• Rotational Motion
• Periodic Motion
• Vibration, Harmonic & Resonance
Linear Motion
 Displacement
• The shortest distance between two points
is called DISPLACEMENT
• It is the Vector Quantity
• The SI unit of displacement is Meter(m)
 Velocity

• Displacement covered in a unit time

It is the vector quantity.
• Unit: m/s

 S V = Velocity
V= S = Speed
t t = Time
 Acceleration
• Rate of change of velocity.

• Where Vf=final velocity and Vi=initial velocity and

( Vf − Vi)
t=time

a=
t
• +ve Acceleration Vf>Vi Then velocity is increasing
• -ve Acceleration Vf<Vi Then velocity is decreasing
• It is the vector quantity.
• Unit: m/sec2
 Equations of Motion
• If a body is moving with uniform velocity ‘v’
m/s,then the distance traveled ‘s’ m in time ‘t’
sec is given by
s=vt
The linear motion of objects is related by three
equations known as Equations of Motion.
Vf=Vi+at
S=Vit+(1/2)at2
2as=Vf2-Vi2
Projectile Motion
 Projectile Motion

“Motion having two dimensional motions under

constant acceleration due to gravity”
For Height:
vi sin θ
2 2
h=
2g
For Range:
2
vi
R= sin 2θ
g
Newton Law of Motions
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
• 1st Law of Motion
“Every body continues in it’s rest or
uniform motion in a straight line until and
unless compelled by external force to
change that state”
• It is also know as “LAW OF INERTIA”
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
2nd LAW

“Acceleration in a body due to unbalance

force is directly proportional to that force
and is inversely proportional to its mass”
• F = ma
• Force is a vector quantity and its unit is
Newton (N)
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
3rd Law

“Every action has its reaction, Equal in

magnitude but opposite in direction.”
Velocity Ratio, Mechanical
advantage & Efficiency
 Machines

Any thing which make forces

more convenient to use is called
machine
 Effort & Load

The sort of machine we apply a

force (called EFFORT) to make
some thing move (called LOAD)
 Velocity Ratio
• The velocity ratio tell us how far the effort has to move in relation to the load:

Distance moved Byeffort
Velocity Ratio VR =  
Distance moved by a load
 Efficiency Of a Machine

Useful word done on load 
Efficiency  =  
total work done by effort
 LEVER
• A lever is a very simple machine
• A lever is a rigid bar which rotate about a
fix point called the pivot or the fulcrum.
• There are three kinds of the Lever
depending upon the relative position of the
effort , load and fulcrum.
 First Class Lever

The Fulcrum is between the load

and the effort
E.g. See-Saw
 Second Class Lever

The lever which has the Load in

between the Pivot and the Effort.
E.g. Wheel Barrow
 Third Class Lever

The Lever in which the effort is in

between the load and the fulcrum
E.g. Human Arm
Rotational Motion
 Uniform Circular Motion
• If a body moves in the circular path and
moves with the uniform ( constant ) speed
its said to be in Uniform Circular Motion.
• If an object moves at a constant linear
speed “v” in a circle of radius “r” and
completes “w” radians per second, then
v=rw
 CENTRIPETAL FORCE
• It is a force that must be applied towards the
centre of a circle to make the object moves
around the circle.

It is also called “centre seeking force”

2
mv
Fc = 
r
 CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
• The apparent force that seems to draw a rotary
body away from the centre of rotation. It is
equal and opposite to the centripetal force.

It is also called “centre fleeing force”

2
mv
Fg = −
r
 PERIODIC MOTION

The repetitive motion of a body

from its mean position in equal
intervals of time is known as
“periodic motion”
 FREQUENCY
• The number of vibrations per
second is called “frequency”
1
f =
T
Where,
f= frequency
T= Time period
It is measured in HERTZ (Hz)
 Time Period
• The time for one complete oscillation is
called time period

1
T  = 
f
 Amplitude

The maximum displacement from

the undisturbed position is called
Amplitude of the oscillation.
 FORCE VIBRATONS
• A body is vibrating with natural frequency
is placed in contact with 2nd body, then
later the 2nd body will also be forced to
vibrate at a same frequency, this vibration
in 2nd body is known as “FORCE
VIBRATION”
 RESONANCE

Resonance is a tendency of a
system to oscillate at maximum
amplitude at certain frequencies.
 HARMONICS

Quantity having the frequency that

is integral multiple of fundamental
frequency.