kinetic energy of a rotating rigid body

Rigid body can be consider as a collection of

particles rotating about a fixed z axis
Each particle has kinetic energy.If the mass of
the i th particle is mi and its linear speed is vi ,its
kinetic energy is

Rotational K.E. & Moment of Inertia

For this point mass m, the
kinetic energy is:

Define the moment

of inertia of a point
mass as:

I mr

Then the kinetic

energy is:

K I
1
2

 Total Rotational kinetic energy is the sum of the

kinetic energies of the individual particles

Now

Every particle in the rigid object has the same

angular speed , But its linear speeds depend
on the distance ri from the axis of rotation.
(KR is called rotational KE)

Rotational Kinetic Energy & Moment of Inertia

We generalize this to any rotating
object, which will have a kinetic energy:

Here I, the moment of inertia, is given by

Angular Momentum
Like linear momentum =MV
Angular momentum
For linear motion
Force = rate of change of momentum
For Angular motion
Torque = rate of change of angular momentum

Direction of
Angular
Momentum

Rotational inertia or movement of inertia

The quantity,
is defined as the
moment of inertia or rotational inertia. It's value
depend on shape of body & position of rotation
axis
The term
is defined as angular movement
In absence of external force linear movement &
KE is conserved
Similarly absence of torque angular movement
& rotational KE is conserved

Some important points about

rotational kinetic energy KR or KE
Where
It is sum of KE of all particles in the rigid object.
It is not new form of energy
Equation of the KE is a convenient form when
we deal with rotational motion
The KE of rotational motion is analogous to
(1/2 x m x v2 ) KE of linear motion
takes the place of m & takes place of v
when we compare a linear & rotational motion

Where

Newton's laws are applicable for rotational

motion also,where
Force (F) is replaced by torque (T)
Mass (m) is replaced by movement of inertia (I)
Acc. (a) is replaced by angular Acc.()

Example: A Dumbbell
Use the definition of moment
of inertia to calculate that of a
dumbbell-shaped object with
two point masses m separated
by a distance of 2r and rotating
about a perpendicular axis through
their center of symmetry.

I mi ri 2 m1r12 m2 r22 2mr 2

Example:
Starting a Microhematocrit
Suppose a microhematocrit centrifuge is
starting up with a constant angular acceleration of
= 95.0 rad/s2.
(a) What is the magnitude of the centripetal,
tangential, and total acceleration of the bottom of
a tube when the angular speed is = 8.00 rad/s?
(b) What angle does the total acceleration vector
make with the direction of motion?

acp r 2 (0.0907 m)(8.00 rad/s) 2 5.80 m/s 2

at r (0.0907 m)(95.0 rad/s 2 ) 8.62 m/s 2
a acp2 at2 (5.80 m/s 2 ) 2 (8.62 m/s 2 ) 2 10.4 m/s 2

arctan(acp / at ) arctan (5.80 m/s 2 ) / (8.62 m/s 2 ) 33.9

Rolling Motion
If a round object rolls without slipping,
there is a fixed relationship between the
translational and rotational speeds:

Rolling Motion

We may also consider rolling motion to be a

combination of pure rotational and pure
translational motion:

Rolling Motion

We may also consider rolling motion at any

given instant to be a pure rotation at rate about
the point of contact of the rolling object.

Example: A Rolling Tire

A car with tires of radius 32 cm drives on
a highway at a speed of 55 mph.
(a) What is the angular speed of the tires?
(b) What is the linear speed vtop of the top to
the tires?

v (55 mph)(0.447 m/s/mph)

77 rad/s
r
(0.320 m)

(77 rad/s) / (2 rad/rev) 12.25 rev/s

vtop 2v 110 mph

Banking of road provide centrifugal force.

Let Angle of banking be radians
n = w / cos

Fc = mv 2 / r = n sin
= [w / cos ] sin
Fc = mv 2 / r = w [ sin / cos ]

Fc = mv 2 / r = w tan
m v 2 / r = m g tan

Tan = v 2 / g r
Fnet,x = n sin = Fc = m v2 / r

Example
At what angle should a curve of 200 m radius be
banked so that no friction is required when a car travels
at 60 kilometers per hour around the curve?

For a banked curve with no friction, the only forces

acting on a car are the normal force and the weight. We
have just looked at this situation. The centripetal force
must be supplied by the horizontal component of the
normal force. We have just analyzed this situation in
arriving at

Tan = v 2 / g r
v = 16.7 m/s
tan = v 2 / g r = (16.7 m/s) 2 / (10 m/s2)(200 m)
= 7.91o

Rotational vs. Linear Kinematics

Analogies between linear and rotational
kinematics:

Sources of Centripetal Force

This centripetal force may be provided by the
tension in a string, the normal force, or friction,
among other sources.

Banked Curves

Example: Bank on It

If the road is banked at the proper angle , a car can round a curve
without the assistance of friction between the tires and the road and
without skidding.
What bank angle is needed for a 900 kg car travelling at 20.5 m/s
around a curve of radius 85.0 m?

Fy 0 N cos W N cos mg

N sin
mv 2 / r v 2
tan

N cos
mg
gr

2
F

N
sin

ma

mv
/r
x
cp
v2
(20.5 m/s) 2
arctan arctan
26.7
2
gr
(9.81 m/s )(85.0 m)

Notice that there is

only one speed at which
gravity exactly provides
the needed centripetal
force.

Example: A Satellites Motion

A satellite moves at constant speed in a circular
orbit about the center of the Earth and near the
surface of the Earth. If the magnitude of its
acceleration is g = 9.81 m/s2 and the Earths
radius is 6,370 km, find:
(a) its speed v; and
(b) the time T required for one complete
revolution.

v2
acp g
r
v rg (6,370 103 m)(9.81 m/s 2 ) 7.91103 m/s 17, 700 mi/h
T 2 r / v 2 (6,370 103 m) /(7.91 103 m/s) 5, 060 s 84.3 min