Environmental Management Systems

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has developed
NAAQS for Emission under the statutory powers of the
Air Act, 1981
Objectives of NAAQS are
1. To indicate levels of air quality objectives / standards
with an adequate margin of safety to protect public
health, vegetation & property
2. To assist in establishing priorities for abatement & control
of pollutant level
3. To provide uniform yardstick for assessing air quality at
national level
4. To indicate the need & extent of monitoring program

Environmental Management Systems

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

What NAAQS does?
1. Guidelines for declaration of sensitive areas
2. Long-term standards (annual average) are designed to
protect

the population from regular exposure to high levels of pollution

3. Short-term standards (1/8/24 hours average) are also

prescribed to control acute effects
. which result when very high levels of pollution persist for short
periods

Environmental Management Systems

Important Features of NAAQS

Different sets of standards are prescribed for
(i) industrial areas
(ii) rural and other areas
(iii) sensitive areas, which are based on the land use pattern

The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours

4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants
8-hourly sampling for particulate matter with a frequency of twice
a week to have 104 observations in a year
World Health Organization (WHO) classifies SO2, NO2, CO, O3,
SPM, and lead as key pollutants
The same pollutants are called criteria pollutants by the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Environmental Management Systems

Important Features of NAAQS

Annual and 24-hourly average standards are fixed for
SO2, NOx, SPM, respirable particulate matter, Pb, NH3
One and eight hourly standards are fixed for CO
Time Weighted Average (TWA)
The average exposure to a contaminant or condition (such as
noise) to which workers may be exposed without adverse effect
over a period such as 8-hour day or 40-hour week.

Environmental Management Systems

Important Features of NAAQS

Pollutants

Time-weighted
average

SulphurDioxide (SO2)

Oxides
Nitrogen
(NOx)
Suspended
Matter (SPM)

of
as

Particulate

RespirableParticulate Matter
(RPM) (size less than 10
microns)

Lead (Pb)

Ammonia1

CarbonMonoxide (CO)

Concentration in ambient air

Method of measurement

Industrial Areas

Residential,
Rural & other
Areas

Sensitive
Areas

Annual
Average

80 g/m3

60 g/m3

15 g/m3

24 hours

120 g/m3

80 g/m3

30 g/m3

Annual
Average

80 g/m3

60 g/m3

15 g/m3

24 hours

120 g/m3

80 g/m3

30 g/m3

- Gas Phase Chemiluminescence

Annual
Average*

360 g/m3

140 g/m3

70 g/m3

- High Volume Sampling, (Average flow rate

not less than 1.1 m3/minute).

24 hours

500 g/m3

200 g/m3

100 g/m3

Annual
Average

120 g/m3

60 g/m3

50 g/m3

24 hours

150 g/m3

100 g/m3

75 g/m3

Annual
Average

1.0 g/m3

0.75 g/m3

0.50 g/m3

ASS
Method
using
EPM
2000
Filter paper

24 hours

1.5 g/m3

1.00 g/m3

0.75 g/m3

Annual
Average

0.1 mg/ m3

0.1 mg/ m3

0.1 mg/m3

24 hourse

0.4 mg/ m3

0.4 mg/m3

0.4 mg/m3

8 hours

5.0 mg/m3

2.0 mg/m3

1.0 mg/ m3

- Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR)

1 hour

10.0 mg/m3

4.0 mg/m3

2.0 mg/m3

Spectroscopy

Improved
West
Method
- Ultraviolet Fluorescence

and

Jacob
&
Hochheiser
(Na-Arsenite) Method

Respirable
sampler

particulate

after
or

Geake

Modified

matter

sampling
equivalent

Environmental Management Systems

Environmental Legislation in USA

The Clean Air Act is a comprehensive act designed to
regulate air emissions from stationary and mobile
sources
Major federal clean air legislation includes the

Air Quality Act of 1967

the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1970
the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
most recently the Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments of 1990

The 1990 Amendments dramatically changed the

regulations of air pollution and required EPA to
promulgate hundreds of new regulation

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

Mobile Sources
Clean Air Act has regulated air emissions from mobile
sources primarily motor vehicles for decades
Most common mobile sources of air pollution are
motor vehicles
but airplanes, ships, construction equipment and
lawn mowers also produce significant amounts of
pollutants
EPA regulates the air pollution produced by these
sources

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

Mobile Sources
These provisions of the Act apply almost exclusively
to vehicle makers and fuel manufacturers
The 1990 Amendments to the Act required vehicle
manufacturers to further reduce emissions and fuel
refiners to develop new and reformed fuels to achieve
emissions reductions

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

Stationary sources
Stationary sources emit both criteria pollutants and
hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)
Air pollution from stationary sources is produced by
two primary activities

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

Stationary sources
Activities are

stationary combustion of fuel such as

coal and oil at power generating facilities,
and the pollutant losses from industrial
processes
Industrial processes include refineries,
chemical manufacturing facilities, and
smelters.

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

Ambient Air Quality Standards
One of the first steps towards improving the air quality in USA
was

the EPA establishment of ambient air quality

standards
The standards are stated in terms of annual concentration levels
or annual mean measurement for the air

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

Clean Air Act establishes two types of national air quality
standards
Primary standards set limits to protect public
health, including the health of "sensitive"
populations such as asthmatics, children, and the
elderly.
Secondary standards set limits to protect public
welfare, including protection against decreased
visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation,
and buildings

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

State Implementation Plans (SIPs)
National air quality regulations are applied to individual sources
through SIPs
A SIP is an extensive detailed document that contains elements
such as

emission inventories
monitoring programs
attainment plans
enforcement programs

which is revised by the state environmental agency

If a state fails to adopt an acceptable SIP, EPA is directed to
formulate and enforce one for that state

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
NSPS are established at the national level in order to prevent
states from becoming pollution havens
attracting industry with their lenient emission standards

NSPS are oriented to particular sources of pollutants

rather than to air quality in general
NSPS are typically numeric standards that relate to
the level of pollution control achieved by installing
the best demonstrated technology

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) sources
The Federal NSPS apply to nearly 80 air source categories and
include most major industrial sources
NSPS requirements are normally expressed as emission
limitations and are specific to process emissions from a
particular source
August 9, 2006 - EPA proposed to help protect air quality in
areas under tribal jurisdiction, without slowing the areas
economic growth
These facilities have not previously been subject to air permitting
requirements in Indian country

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)
Program is designed to prevent significant
deterioration of air quality in regions where the air is
already cleaner than mandated by ambient standards
To implement the regulatory program for PSD all air
quality control regions are designed by class for the
purpose of specifying the amount or increment of air
pollution that can be permitted in each area

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
Section 112 of Clean Air Act is EPAs mandate to
control hazardous pollutants discharged into the
nations air
EPA is required under the amendments to promulgate
technology-based limitations for industrial source
categories and issue standards for each category
In addition to a new HAPs program,
a comprehensive program for accidental hazardous
substance release prevention, reporting, and investigation
has been established

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
The owners/operators of stationary sources have a
general duty to identify the hazards of accidental
releases
take steps necessary to prevent releases, and
minimize the consequence of accidental release

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

Visibility Protection For Federal Class I Areas
Section 169 A of the Clean Air Act requires visibility
protection for mandatory class I federal areas
where it has been determined that visibility is an
important value

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

Acid Rain Control Program
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments established
another new program for the abatement of Acids
present in the atmosphere
The overall goal of the Acid Rain Program is to
achieve significant environmental and public health
benefits through reductions in emissions of sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides
the primary causes of acid rain

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

Stratospheric Ozone Protection
Title VI of the clean air act creates the framework to regulate and
eventually phase out the production of all chemicals that deplete
the ozone layer
EPAs Clean Air Ozone Rules target ground level ozone
On April 15, 2004, EPA fulfilled its legal obligation under the
Clean Air Act to issue final designations for all areas of the
country stating that they either meet or do not meet the more
protective 8-hour ozone standards
EPA also issued a classification rule for non attainment areas
The rule classifies

the seriousness of the problem and

indicates the required actions that areas must take

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

National Emission Standards for Air Pollutants
Under the auspices of the CAA and its amendments, EPA
measures, evaluates and reports emissions data with the goal of
improving air quality
EPA also plays an important role in researching new methods of
assessing the impact of air pollution emissions on the
environment
Developing new ways to curb these emissions from specific
criteria pollutants
Management of air issues requires a working knowledge of the
technology-based national emission standards for both criteria
and hazardous air pollutants

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAP)
The 1990 Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments established a new
and fairly complex program

to regulate emissions of 188 hazardous air

pollutants (HAPs) from particular industrial sources
to regulate emissions of these HAPs by developing
and promulgating technology-based standards
based on the best-performing similar facilities in
operation
NESHAPs established by USEPA are commonly called
maximum achievable control technology (MACT) standards

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

MACT Determinations
The purpose of the MACT is to protect the public health by
reducing discharges of HAPs from air emission sources
When developing a MACT standard for a particular source
category,

USEPA looks at the current level of emissions

achieved by best-performing similar sources
through clean processes, control devices, work
practices, or other methods
These emissions levels set a baseline, often
referred to as the "MACT floor" for the new
standard

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

At a minimum, a MACT standard must achieve,
throughout the industry, a level of emissions
control that is at least equivalent to the MACT floor

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

The MACT floor differs for existing sources and new sources
Major sources are sources that emit
10 tons per year of any of the listed HAPs,
or 25 tons per year of a mixture of HAPS

These sources may release HAPs from equipment

leaks, when materials are transferred from one
location to another, or during discharge through
emission stacks or vents
Area sources are sources that emit

less than 10 tons per year of a single HAP, or less

than 25 tons per year of a combination of HAPs

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

MACT standards are designed to reduce HAP emissions to a
maximum achievable degree, taking into consideration the cost
of reductions and other factors
The MACT category of controls establishes emissions standards
based on technology achievement

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

For existing sources, MACT floor must equal that if there are
30 or more existing sources

average current emissions limitations achieved by

the best-performing 12% of sources in the source
category,
If there are fewer than 30 existing sources

the MACT floor must equal the average current

emissions limitation achieved by the bestperforming five sources in the category
For new sources, the MACT floor must equal the current level
of emissions control achieved by the best-controlled similar
source

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

Wherever feasible, USEPA writes the final MACT standard as
an emissions limit-a percent reduction in emissions or a
concentration limit that regulated sources must achieve
Emissions limits provide flexibility for industries to determine the
most effective ways to comply with the standards
This limitation will become more stringent over time as control
technology improves

Environmental Management Systems

Key Concepts of Clean Air Act

MACT Implementation
The Clean Air Act required USEPA to develop MACT standards
for all major source categories of HAPs according to a schedule
listed in the Act
The schedule is divided into four groups: 2-year, 4-year, 7-year,
and 10-year standards
The2-year group must include at least 40 source categories
(1992promulgation)
the 4-year group must include source categories to bring the
total to 25 percent of the list (1994 promulgation)
the 7-year group must include an additional 25 percent (1997
promulgation)
the 10-year group must include the remaining 50 percent
2000promulgation)
All of the 2-year and 4 year standards have been promulgated
on schedule

Environmental Management Systems

Summary of Clean Water Regulations

Water quality standards especially those for drinking
water are set by the
Indian Council of Medical Research

The discharge of industrial effluent is regulated by the

Indian Standard Codes and water quality standards

Environmental Management Systems

Summary of Clean Water Regulations

Legislations to control water pollution are listed below
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977,
amended 1992 : (http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/water/water7.html
)
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess
(Amendment) Act, 2003.
http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/water/wc_act_03.doc
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974,
amended 1988
http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/water/wat1.html
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules,
1978
http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/water/water8.html

Environmental Management Systems

Summary of Clean Water Regulations

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975
http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/water/water2.html
Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution
(Procedure for Transaction of Business) Rules, 1975 amended
1976
http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/water/water3.html

Full Information about Acts, Rules, and notification for

water pollution is given in following website
http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/legis.html#A