Intra modal and Overall

Dispersion

Submitted to
Chetan sir

Submitted by
Monika Tanwani

Types of Dispersion
Two types

1.Intermodal or Modal dispersion.

2.Intramodal or Chromatic dispersion.
Each type of dispersion
mechanism leads to pulse spreading.
As a pulse spreads, energy is overlapped.
The spreading of the optical pulse as
it travels along the fiber limits the
information capacity of the fiber.

Intra modal Dispersion

Occur in all types of optical fibers and results from

finite spectral line width of optical source.

Since all optical source do not emit just a single
frequency but a band of frequencies.
Due to this there may be propagation delay
differences between the different spectral
components of the transmitted signal.
The delay differences caused by :

1.Dispersive properties of waveguide material

this type of dispersion is known a material

dispersion.
2.Guidance effects within the fiber structure
then this type of dispersion is known as
Waveguide dispersion.

This cause broadening of each transmitted

mode and hence intra modal dispersion.
Occurs because different colors of light travel
through different materials and different
waveguide structures at different speeds.
A light Pulse, although propagating as a
fundamental mode, has number of spectral
components, and the group velocity of the
fundamental mode varies with frequency.
Therefore different spectral components in the
pulse propagate with slightly different group
velocitys, resulting in pulse broadning.

1. Sometimes called intramodal or colour dispersion.

2. Result from different group velocities of various spectral
components launch into fiber from optical source.
3.It occurs when phase velocity of a plane wave propagating in
the dielectric medium varies non linearly with the
wavelength.
4.Material said to exibit material dispersion when the second
differential of the refractive index w. r . t wavelength is not
zero.{[d2n/d 2] zero}.
3. Typical optical source has optical output that spreads over a
range of wavelength.
4.spectral width can defined as either rms value.

5.In an optical fibre,the propagation velocity varies with wavelenth.

6.Thus a pulse made up of many wavelength will be spread out in
time as its propagates.

(i) Group velocity is given by:

(ii) The time delay per unit length L of a medium is

called Group delay of a medium and it is given by:

(iii)

In a medium that is susceptible to material dispersion,

the refractive index itself is a function of wavelength.

(iv)

Free space propagation constant k is given by

2 / .

(v)

The propagation constant in medium is given by

(VI) Using Eq 2 & 3 we will determine Group

Delay.
(VII) Assume Propagation distance L.
(VIII) Group delay is given by

Where n1 is the refractive index of the core

material.
(IX) Using Eq.4 we can also determine the time
taken by pulse to propagate a distance L in
fibre is given by

(X) The rms pulse broadening due to material dispersion is

given by
Eq.6
(XI) Using Eq6 the rms spread is given by

(XII) Using Eq 8 several other parameters can be

defined.

Caused by wavelength dependence

of distribution of energy for fundamental mode in fibre.

Mainly a problem for single mode, in
multimode mode penetration into
the cladding is very small relatively.
As wavelength increases an
increasing
proportion of the mode energy
propagates in the cladding.
Altering the refractive index profile
will alter the waveguide dispersion.
Magnitude of waveguide
dispersion is independent of
wavelength.

Waveguide Dispersion
1.Waveguide dispersion is chromatic dispersion which
arises from waveguide effects: The dispersive phase shifts
for a wave in a waveguide.
NOTE: The dispersive phase shifts for a wave in a
waveguide differ from those which the wave would
experience in a homogeneous medium.
2.The origin of waveguide dispersion can be understood by
considering that a guided wave has a frequency-dependent
distribution of wave vectors (k vectors), whereas a plain
wave (as the reference case) has only a single wave
vector, which points exactly in the propagation direction.

3.Waveguide dispersion may be tailored via the fiber

design to obtain the desired dispersion properties.
4.For fibers with large mode areas, waveguide dispersion
is normally negligible, and material dispersion is
dominant.
5. Waveguide dispersion occurs when the speed of a
wave in a waveguide (such as an optical fiber) depends
on its frequency for geometric reasons, independent of
any frequency dependence of the materials from which
it is constructed. More generally, "waveguide"
dispersion can occur for waves propagating through
any inhomogeneous structure (e.g., a photonic crystal),
whether or not the waves are confined to some region.

Dispersion Specifications
Multimode Fibre
For multimode fibre dispersion is both chromatic
and modal
Dispersion rarely specified, instead fibre bandwidth
is specified
Maximum bit rate can be found from bandwidth

Singlemode Fibre
For singlemode fibres chromatic dispersion is
present (also PMD?)
Chromatic dispersion is specified as ps/nm-km
ITU defines limits for various types and
wavelengths
Total dispersion must be calculated

Multimode Fibres
(1) The overall dispersion in multimode fibers
comprises
both chromatic and intermodal
terms.
(2).The total rms pulse broadening T is given
by:
T=(c2+n2) where
c is the chromatic broadening
n is the intermodal broadening
(3).Since waveguide dispersion is generally
negligible compared with material dispersion
in multimode fibers,then c =n.

Single Mode Fibre

1.In this the expression can be separated into 3
composite dispersion components.
2.The dominating effects are:
(a).The material dispersion parameter DM dened by
/ c |d2n/d2| where n=n1 or n2 for the core or
cladding.
(b). The waveguide dispersion parameter DW, which is
dened as:
DW= -[(n1-n2)/ c]V[d2Vb/dV2] where
V is the normalized frequency for the ber. Since the
normalized propagation constant b for a specic ber
is only dependent on V , then the normalized
waveguide dispersion coefficient also depend on V.
(c). A profile dispersion parameter Dv.