ALGEBR

A
The Set of Real
Numbers and
its Properties
Prepared by:
Engr. Sandra Enn
Bahinting

OUTLINE
REAL

NUMBERS

PROPERTIES

and CATEGORIES of
REAL NUMBERS

ALGEBRAIC

EXPRESSIONS

POLYNOMIALS

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REAL NUMBERS
Real Numbers are every number
Any number that you can find on the number line
It has two categories.

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The Real Number Line

thelinewhose points are thereal numbers

Order Property for Real Numbers

- if a is to the left of b on the number line, a
<b
- if a is to the right of b on the number line,
a>b

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The Real Number System Tree

Diagram
REAL NUMBERS
RATIONAL
NUMBERS
INTEGERS

WHOLE
NUMBERS
NATURAL
NUMBERS

IRRATIONAL
NUMBERS
Terminating and
Repeating
Decimals
Negative
Numbers

Zero

Non-Terminating
and
Non-repeating
Decimals

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Rational Numbers
A real number that can be written
as a fraction
Rational Numbers written in
decimal form are terminating or
repeating

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Example

-3/7
46 = 46/1
0.17 = 17/100
= 5

Repeating
= 0.5000
2/3 = 0.666666
9/7 = 1.285714285714

Terminating
3.56

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Integers
Integers are the whole
numbers and their opposites
Consist of the numbers
together with their negatives
and 0
Example:
6, -12, 0, 143, -836

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Types of Integers
Natural

Numbers (N) = counting from

1,2,3,4,5,
N = {1,2,3,4,5 }

Whole

Numbers(W) = natural numbers

including zero. They are 0,1,2,3,4,5..
W = {0,1,2,3,4,5..}
W=0+N

Negative

Numbers = {..,-4, -3, -2, -1 }

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Irrational Numbers
A number that cannot be written as a
fraction of two integers
Irrational numbers written as decimals are
non-terminating and non-repeating
Example:
= 1.414213562373095
= 3.14159265.

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Properties of REAL
NUMBERS
Closure Property
Let a, b, and c represent real numbers
1.

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2. Commutative Property

3. Associative Property

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4. Distributive Properties

5. Identity Property

6. Inverse Property

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Addition and Subtraction
Subtraction

= operation that undoes

addition
a - b = a + (-b)

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Multiplication and
Division

Division

= operation that undoes multiplication; to

divide by a number, we multiply by the inverse of
that number. If b 0, then, by definition

a b = a 1/b
= a/b (quotient)
Example:
6 3 = 6 1/3
= 6/3
=2

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Exponential Notation
If a is any real number and n is a positive integer, then the nth

power of a is

The number a is called the base, and n is called the exponent.

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Algebraic Expressions

An algebraic expression is a constant, a variable or a

combination of variables and constants involving a
finite number of indicated operations on them.
(operations
such
as
addition,
subtraction,
multiplication, division, raising to a power and
extraction of a root).

It is a collection of numerals, variables and operation

symbols
Example:

a) 5

d ) 3 x 3z

b) 4 x

e)

c) xyz

x
3x
y

f ) 3 x y 3z

Terms:

Algebra

= a letter that can represent any number from a given set of

Variable

numbers.

Example: x, y, z

Constant= a number on its own, or sometimes a letter such as a, b or c

to stand for a fixed number

Monomial = an expression of the form , where a is a real number and k

is a nonnegative integer.
Example: 13, 3x, -57, x, 4y, -2xy, or 520xy

Binomial = a sum of two monomials

Example: 3x+ 1,x - 4x, 2x + y, ory-y

Trinomial = a sum of three monomials

Example

x2+ 2x+ 1,3x - 4x +10, 2x + 3y +2

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Polynomial

polynomial in the variable x is an expression of the form

where are real numbers, and n is a nonnegative integer. If 0, then the

polynomial has degree n. The monomials that make up the polynomial
are called the terms of the polynomial.

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Not a polynomial

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Coefficients
Coefficientis

of two types.

NumbersformNumerical coefficients
symbolsformliteral coefficients.
Example:
2xy = 2is the number or the Numerical coefficient
xy, the symbol, is the Literal Coefficient.
y
= Numerical coefficient is1
literal coefficient isy

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Multiplying Algebraic Expressions

Multiplying

Binomials

Example:
1.(2x+1) (3x-5)
2.(3t + 2)(7t 4)
3.(2r - 5s)(3r - 2s)
.
Multiplying

Example:
1.
2.
3.

Polynomials

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Special Products

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Example:
Sum and Difference
of same terms
Square of Sum
Square of Difference
Cube of Sum
Cube of Difference

Algebra
PASCAL TRIANGLE AND THE BINOMIAL THEOREM
The square of a binomial is a special case of the binomial
theorem, which gives a pattern for finding any positive integer
power of a binomial. The coefficient in the formula can be
found from the following array of numbers, known as Pascals
Triangle.

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1

x y0 1

x y 1 x y
x y 2 x 2 2 xy y 2
x y 3 x3 3x 2 y 3xy 2 y 3

x y 4 x 4 4 x3 y 6 x 2 y 2 4 xy 3 y 4

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