OLEH

Prof.Dr. H.GUSBAKTI

The Sensory-Somatic Nervous System

The sensory-somatic system consists of 12
pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

The PNS consists of sensory

neurons running from stimulus
receptors that inform the CNS of
the stimuli
motor neurons running from the
CNS to the muscles and glands
- called effectors - that take
action.
The CNS consists of the spinal
cord and the brain
The peripheral nervous system
is subdivided
into the sensory-somatic nervous
system and the autonomic
nervous system

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the system

of nerves outside of the central nervous system (CNS
or brain and spinal cord).

The central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for

all involuntary nerve action, meaning you DO NOT
have to initiate it or think about it in order for it to
work.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) runs from your

spinal cord to your appendages (arms, legs, hands
and feet) and you DO HAVE TO consciously and
voluntarily make this nervous system move or work.

"Included" in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal
nerves and their branches to the entire body. Also
included in this system are all sensory nerves and
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The
parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
are part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

SISTEM SARAF PERIFER SS SOMATIK & OTONOM MEMBAWA INPUT

INFORMASI KE (AFF) KE CNS MENGHANTAR INPUT KE PERIFER (EFF)

PERANAN CNS:
MENELITI DN MENGEVALUASI (MIS: MEMBANDINGKAN INFEORMASI YG
DISIMPAN)
MENGOLAH INFORMASI YG DITERIMA
RESPON THDP INPULS EFEREN

CNS BERFUNGSI MELAKUKAN INTEGRASI DAN KOORDINASI

TDD : OTAK DAN MEDULLA SPINALIS
OTAK :, MED OBLONGATA, PONS, MESENSEFALON (BTG OTAK), SEREBELUM,
DIENSEFALON DAN TELESEFALON
BTG OTAK KONTRUKSINYA = MED SPINALIS
MGDG BDN SEL (NUCLEUS) SARAF SEREBRI

BTG OTAK KONTRUKSINYA = MED SPINALIS

MGDG BDN SEL (NUCLEUS) SARAF SEREBRI DAN BGN LAINNYA
PUSAT PENGATUR RESPIRASI & SIRKULASI
JUGA SEP SEREBELUM PENTING PENGATURAN MOTORIK

DIESEFALON MELIPUTI ;
TALAMUS PENGHUBUNG SEMUA INPUT SENSORIK AFEREN
(KULIT,MATA,TELINGA DAN BGN OTAK LAINNYA)
HIPOTALAMUS ;
PUSAT FUNGSI OTONOMIK
INTEGRASI SISTEM SARAF DG SISTEM ENDOKRIN MELALUI HIPOFISE

TELENSEFALON TDD NUKLEUS DAN DAERAH KORTIKAL

MELIPUTI BASAL GANGLIA UTK MENGATUR MOTORIK
BASAL GANGLIA TDD
NUKLEUS KAUDATUS
PUTAMEN
GLOBUS PALLIDUS
NUKLEUS SUBTALAMIKUS
SUBSTANSIA NIGRA
NUKLEUS KAUDATUS, PUTAMEN KORPUS STRIATUM
PUTAMEN & GLOBUS PALIDUS NUKLEUS LENTIKULARIS

TELENSEFALON PERMUKAAN EKSTERNALNYA KORTEKS SEREBRI

TDD SULKUS (LEKUKAN) SENTRALIS DAN LATERALIS
MENJADI 5 LOBUS ;
LOBUS FRONTALIS
LOBUS PARIETALIS
LOBUS OKIPITALIS
LOBUS TEMPORALIS
LOBUS LIMBIK
KEDUA HEMISFER DIHU ERAT SATU DG LAINNYA OLEH KORPUS
KOLOSUM

KORTEKS SEREBRI
TEMPAT ASAL SEMUA KESADARAN DAN KERJA BAWAH SADAR
STASIUN PENGUMPUL & PEMEROSES KESAN SENSORI, SENSASI
DAN PERSEPSI, SERTA PUSAT MEMORI

BASAL GAGLIA DISCHARGE BEGINS BEFORE MOVEMENT

INVOLVED IN PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
INHIBITS THE MUSCLE TONE
REGULATES THE SUBCONSCIOUS GROSS MOVEMENTS IN MUSCLE
ROLE IN COGNITIVE PROCESSES CAUDATE NUCLEUS
SUBSTANSIA NIGRA INVOLVED IN COORDINATION OF IMPULSES ESSENTIAL
FOR SKILLED MOVEMENTS
CENTER FOR CONTROL NORMAL AUTOMATIC MOVEMENTS LIKE SWINGING
OF ARMS DURING WALKING
APPLIED
PARKINSOS DISEASE CASE DEGENERATION OF SUBSTANSIA NIGRA &
GLOBUS PALIDUS
CHARACTERISTIC: RIGIDITY, POSTURE IN FLEXED ATTITUDE,
DUE TO LACK OF DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY AND DEGENERATION OF
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

RESTING TREMOR
HIPOKINESIA DIFICULTY IN INITIATING VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
SLOW SPEECH, MASK LIFE FACE, SHUFFLING GAIT, LOSS OF MOVEMENT
DURING WALKING SUCH AS SWINGING OF ARMS

CHOREA
SPONTANEOUS INVOLUNATRY MOVEMENTS DUE TO DAMAGE TO THE
CAUDATE NUCLEUS
FEATURES : MUSCLE WEAKNESS, RAPID, IRREGULAR, INVOLUNTARY
MOVEMENTS

ATHETOSIS
DUE TO LESION OF LENTICULAR NUCLEUS
FEATURES : CONTINOUS SLOW, TWISTING MOVEMENTS

WILSONS DISEASE
COPPER CONTENT OF SUBSTANTIA NIGRA INCREASED
FEATURES : CIRRHOIS OF LIVER, MUSCULAR RIGIDITY, TREMOR,
EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS

The Cranial Nerves

Nerves
I
Olfactory

Type

Function

sensory

olfaction (smell)

sensory

vision
(Contain 38% of all the
axons connecting to the
brain.)

motor*

eyelid and eyeball

muscles

motor*

eyeball muscles

V
Trigeminal

mixed

Sensory: facial and

mouth sensation
Motor: chewing

VI
Abducens

motor*

eyeball movement

VII
Facial

mixed

Sensory: taste
Motor: facial muscles
and
salivary glands

VIII
Auditory

sensory

hearing and balance

IX
Glossopharyngeal

mixed

Sensory: taste
Motor: swallowing

X
Vagus

mixed

XI
Accessory

motor

XII
Hypoglossal

motor*

II
Optic
III
Oculomotor
IV
Trochlear

main nerve of the

parasympathetic nervou
s system
(PNS)
swallowing; moving
head and shoulder
tongue muscles

*Note: These do contain

a few sensory neurons
that bring back signals
from the muscle spindles
in the muscles they control.

Telencephalon

Rhinencephalon, Amygdala,
Hippocampus, Neocortex,
Basal ganglia, Lateral ventricles

Diencephalon

Epithalamus, Thalamus,
Hypothalamus, Subthalamus,
Pituitary gland, Pineal gland,
Third ventricle

Mesencephalon

Tectum, Cerebral peduncle,

Pretectum, Mesencephalic duct

Prosencephalon

Central
nervous
system

Brain

Brain stem

Metencephalon
Rhombencephalon

Myelencephalon

Spinal cord

Pons, Cerebellum
Medulla
oblongata

OLEH
Prof.H.Dr. GUSBAKTI

prosencephalon

rhombencephalon

Two hemispheres
Separated by falx cerebri
Interconnected by corpus callosum
Three poles
Three surfaces
Five lobes
Outer gray matter & inner white matter

It has 25 billion neurons, 62,000 miles of

axons and 300,000,000,000,000 synapses
2-4mm thick
2200 sq cm
Gyri and sulci
Important sulci- Central (Rolandic) sulcus,
Lateral (Sylvian) sulcus, Parieto-occipital
sulcus, Calcarine sulcus

Brodmann- 47 Brodmann areas

Area 4- Primary motor area- Precentral gyrus
Area 3,1,2- Primary sensory area- Postcentral gyrus
Area 6, 8-13, 24, 32, 44-47 Frontal association

area

Area
Area
Area
Area
Area
Area

41- Primary auditory area

20, 21, 22- Auditory association areas
5, 7- Sensory association areas
40- Stereognosis area
17- Primary visual area
18, 19- Visual association areas

Lies between central,

parieto-occipital &
lateral sulci.

Major areas(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Somatosensory area I
Somatosensory area II
Area 5 & 7
Area 40

Somatosensory Area I

Postcentral gyrus

Areas 3,1,2

Afferents from opposite side of body

and both sides of face

Sensory homunculus (little man)

Removal- causes loss of fine touch &
position sense and deficits in
discrimination of size and shape.
(1)

(2) Somatosensory Area II:

Mostly buried in superior wall of Sylvian fissure
Afferents from both sides of body
Removal cause deficits of discrimination power

(3) Sensory Association Area ( Areas 5 & 7)

Located behind S I
Inputs from S I, ventrobasal nucleus of
thalamus, visual and auditory cortex.
Removal causes amorphosynthesis
Bilateral removal causes constructional
apraxia and loss of spatial orientation
(4) Area 40- Stereognosis Area
Located in supramarginal gyrus

Appreciation of primary senses

Discrimination of stimuli
Stereognosis
Recognition of spatial relationship
Integration of general, auditory and visual
sensory signals

Lies in front of
central sulcus

Major areasMotor cortex and

prefrontal areas

Primary Motor Area:

Area 4
Precentral gyrus
Motor homunculus
Face, pharynx, vocal
cords and respiratory
muscles have
bilateral
representation

Supplementary motor area medially beyond

the margin of central sulcus over medial
surface
It is concerned with complex movements
involving planning

Premotor Area: Area 6

Located anterior to motor cortex
Topography is same as motor cortex
Postural movements to assist specific tasks
Anterior part develops motor image and
send signals to posterior part or primary
motor cortex.

Frontal eye field: Area 8

Lies anterior to premotor area
Stimulation causes conjugate deviation of
eyes to opposite side
Suppressor Areas: Areas 4s, 2s, 8s, 19s &
24s
Inhibition of stretch reflex
Projects to basal ganglia also

Lies anterior to motor areas 4, 6 & 8.

Major areas are 9-13, 24, 32 and 44-47.
Silent area/organ of mind
Connections:
AfferentsFibers from dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus
project to areas 9-12 and 44-47.
Dorsomedial nucleus receives afferents
from hypothalamus
Fibers from anterior nucleus of thalamus
projects to area 24. It forms a part of Papez
circuit

Efferents Areas 24s and 8s project to caudate

Frontopontine tract from area10
Coritcotegmental tract from area 8
Projections from areas 9 & 10 to tegmental
reticular formation and anterior & ventral
thalamic nuclei
Intercortical connections Fronto-occipital projection (visual agnosia)
Fibers form areas 44-47 and area 18 pass to
temporal lobe

Functions of Prefrontal lobe:

Connections with thalamus, hypothalamus &
other areas of cortex
1.
Control of ANS
2.
Control of personality
3.
Control of emotional affects
4.
Control of behaviour & social
consciousness
5.
Responsible for resting EEG

3. Alterations in social behaviour

Removal of anterior cingulate gyrus
abolished moral sense of right or wrong
Loss of shyness and fear
4. Impairment of memory
5. Impairment of learning and intellectual
functions
Electrical stimulationChanges in autonomic activity

Lies below lateral

sulcus
Primary auditory
area- Area 41
Auditory
association areaAreas 20,21,22
Wernickes areaArea 22

Functions:
1.
Perception and processing auditory signals
2.
Sense of equilibrium in posterior part of
superior temporal gyrus
3.
Language and memory
4.
Wernickes area is associated in
interpretation and understanding of
auditory & visual signals

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Klver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral

temporal lobectomy):
Obedient, hyperphagic (omniphagia) &
hypersexual
Loss of fear
Visual agnosia
Oral exploration
Hyper-metamorphosis

Lies posterior to parieto occipital sulcus

Areas 17, 18, 19
Primary visual and visual association areas

Works in close association with

hypothalamus
Concerned with emotions and memory

OLEH
Prof.H.Dr. GUSBAKTI

fight or flight
activated during
emergencies
exercise or vigorous
physical activity
rev up the body to
respond to situations,
such as anger or fear
that upset
homeostasis

SYMPHATETIC

opposite effects on its

target organs
rest or digest
reduce energy use
promotes

the digestion of food,

the storage of energy,
the elimination of wastes
general homeostasis

PARASYMPHATETIC

The autonomic nervous system consists of sensory neurons and motor neurons
that run between the central nervous system (especially the hypothalamus and
medulla oblongata) and various internal organs such as the:

It is responsible for monitoring conditions in the internal environment and bringing

about appropriate changes in them. The contraction of both smooth muscle and
cardiac muscle is controlled by motor neurons of the autonomic system.
The actions of the autonomic nervous system are largely involuntary (in contrast
to those of the sensory-somatic system). It also differs from the sensory-somatic
system is using two groups of motor neurons to stimulate the effectors instead of
one.
The first, the preganglionic neurons, arise in the CNS and run to a ganglion in
the body. Here they synapse with
postganglionic neurons, which run to the effector organ (cardiac muscle,
smooth muscle, or a gland).
The autonomic nervous system has two subdivisions, the sympathetic nervous
system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Thoracolumbar
Nerve fibers originate between T1 & L2

Craniosacral
Nerve fibers emerge from brain & sacrum

 Short, lightly myelinated

preganglionic neurons
Long, unmyelinated postganglionic neurons

Ganglia close to spinal cord

Spinal
Cord

Preganglionic neurons -

Cholinergic = ( release acetylcholine )

 Postganglionic neurons:
release norepinepherine at target organs
ie. Adrenergic

Adrenal medulla:
releases epinepherine & norepinepherine
into blood
ie. Adrenergic

Located only on sympathetic target organs

Respond only to norepinepherine released by postganglionic

neurons (precise effects) or

Epinepherine & norepinepherine released by

adrenal medulla into blood (general effects)

Alpha 1:
In walls of blood
vessels leading
to places other
than skeletal
muscles, brain &
lungs.
Not on heart
(cardiac muscle)
Alpha 2:
On membranes of
platelets.

Beta 1:
On heart (cardiac
muscle) & kidneys
Beta 2:
On coronary
arteries,
bronchioles & on
smooth muscle
walls of digestive
& urinary systems

Alpha 1:
Excites
(constricts)
smooth muscles in
certain blood
vessels & in
spincters
directing blood to
skeletal muscles
Dilates pupils.
Alpha 2:
Promotes blood
clotting

Beta 1:
Cardiac Muscle
Increases heart
rate & strength
Beta 2:
Depresses
(dilates) smooth
muscle in
bronchioles &
coronary arteries
increasing blood
flow to heart and
air flow to lungs.

Ganglia close to or on target organs

Preganglionic neurons - long

Post ganglionic neurons - short

Preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine = Cholinergic

 Postganglionic neurons release

acetylcholine = Cholinergic

Found on skeletal muscle cells regulated by

motor neurons.

Motor Neuron

 Found on dendrites & cell bodies of postganglionic

neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions of ANS.

Found on parasympathetic target

organs.

Nicotinic:
On skeletal
muscle cells
On postganglionic
dendrites & cell
bodies in both
sympathetic &
parasympathetic
Almost always
excite

Muscarinic:
On all target
organs of
parasympathetic
May excite or
decrease activity
depending on
target

Cardiac Muscle - Slows heart rate

and strength of contraction
Digestive System - Increases
digestive activity including
secretions & peristalsis.
Increases flow of blood to liver,
pancreas & digestive organs by
vasodilation of appropriate vessels.
Eye - Causes constriction of Iris

Interfere with stimulatory or depressing

effects of neurotransmitters by blocking
the receptors on target organs.
Blocker

Normal neurotransmitter cant bind with receptor because blocker

covers the binding site.

Block receptor binding sites preventing

the binding of epinepherine or
norepinepherine
Beta 1 blockers on heart

prevent heart rate increase & arrhythmias in

cardiac patients without interfering with other
sympathetic effects.
Examples:
Acebutolol (Sectral), Metoprolol
(Lopressor)or Inderal.

 Alpha 1 blockers
Decrease blood pressure in patients
with hypertension without interfering
with other sympathetic effects.
Example:
Phentolamine

 Muscarinic blockers
Block parasympathetic effects on
target organs
Example:
Atropine
Used topically during eye exams to dilate pupils
Sometimes used prior to surgery to reduce salivation &
respiratory secretions

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