Map Projections and Coordinate Systems

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Defination

A map projection is a mathematical formula which transforms

(projects) the ellipsoidal surface onto a developable surface,
one that can be laid out flat without stretching or tearing.

Type of Projection

Cylindrical Projection

Conical Projection

Azimuthal Projection

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Selected Map Projections

Cylindrical Projections

Cylindrical Equal Area

Mercator
Miller Cylindrical
Oblique Mercator
Transverse Mercator
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Conic Projections

Albers Equal Area Conic

Equidistant Conic
Lambert Conformal Conic
Polyconic

Azimuthal Projections

Azimuthal Equidistant
Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area
Orthographic
Stereographic

Coordinate Systems
1. Geographical Coordinate System
2. Projected Coordinate System
3. Local Coordinate System

1.Geographical Coordinate System

Geographical Coordinate System is latitude and
longitude system which expressed angular units such as
degree, minute and seconds

WGS 84 COORDINATE SYSTEM

The WGS 84 Coordinate System is geocentric, the center

of mass being defined for the whole Earth including
oceans and atmosphere
The WGS 84 Coordinate System is a right-handed, Earthfixed orthogonal coordinate system.

2.Projecetd Coordinate System

Projected Coordinate System is a planar rectangular grid
systems.
A grid system (such as the Universal Transverse
Mercator Grid) has two perpendicular axes intersecting at
an origin.
The axes are typically aligned with north and east
directions, so these coordinates are usually called
northing and easting.
The location of a point thus can be designated by its
coordinates on the axes (in feet or meters).
To avoid negative values, the origin coordinates may be given
non zero values, known as false easting and false northing
A projected or planar coordinate system can represent only a
limited part of the Earth's surface without introducing
unacceptable distortion and scale variation.
Therefore a projected coordinate systems are divided into
zones, each of which has its own origin and coordinate
system.

There are two projected coordinate system in myanmar.

Lambert Conic Orthomorphic or Lambert Comformal Conic
Projected Coordinate System
Universal Transverse Mercator Projected Coordinate System

Lambert Conformal Conic Projected Coordinate

System

Universal Transverse Mercator Projected Coordinate

System

3. Local Coordinate System

Plane Orthogonal Coordinates
One of the most convenient way of locating points is to
use plane orthogonal coordinates with x (horizontal) and
y (vertical) axis

Polar Coordinates

A polar coordinate system with the angle (measured from the

polar axis (x axis) and distance (r) from the pole is used in some
cases.

The following definitions are required to geographic

reference systems:
Geoid
Ellipsoid
Datum

Scale Factor
Azimuth
Central Meridian

Zone

True Scale

Graticule

Easting and Northing

Standard Parallel
Geoid
The shape of the Earth as represented by an equipotential
surface corresponding to mean sea level, such that the surface
is everywhere normal to the local direction of gravity.
The geoid is an undulating surface that departs from an ideal
ellipsoidal shape by no more than about a hundred meters.
Map projections are designed to fit some mathematicallydefined reference ellipsoid which approximates the shape of the
geoid.

Ellipsoid
An ellipsoid is a geometric reference surface that closely
approximates the geoid.
Some official ellipsoids in use throughout the world

WGS 84 1984

6,378,137.0 6,356,752.314245 1/298.257223563 GPS

h=H+N

N=h-H

H=h-N

h = geodetic height (height relative to the ellipsoid)

N = geoid undulation or geoid separations
H = orthometric height (height relative to the geoid)

Worldwide WGS 84 EGM96 Geoid Undulation

Contour Chart

Datum
A mathematical description of a smooth reference mapping
surface that is particular to a limited extent of the Earth's
surface.
A datum is derived from an ellipsoid (a global geometric
reference surface), and closely approximates the mean sealevel surface for an area of interest.
A datum provides the surface to which the system refers
ground control measurements.

Standard Parallel
A parallel of latitude used to compute a map projection.
A projection has true scale along its standard parallel(s).
Some projections are defined with one standard parallel;
others are defined with two.

Central Meridian
The meridian of longitude around which a projection is
centered.

Scale Factor
Establishes the relationship between distances on the map
and distances on the Earth's surface.

Datum Shift

Lambert Conformal Conic (LCC) Grid Parameters

Projection
Spheriod (Datum)

Lambert conformal conic or Lambert conical orthomorphic

Everest 1830, a=6377276.345m,b=6356075.4131m,
1/f=300.8017( 1 yd = 0.914398799 m )
Scale factor = 0.998786408

Y False Northing
X False Easting

1000000 yd , 914398.799m
3000000 yd, 2743196.397 m

Grid IIB
Latitute of Origin
Longitute of Origin
Standard Parallel 1

26N
90E
28 49' 08.17810, 28.818938deg

Standard Parallel 2

23 09' 28.17152, 23.157825deg

Grid IIIB
Latitute of Origin
Longitude of Origin
Standard Parallel 1
Standard Parallel 2

19N
100E
21 49' 23.46365,21.82318437deg
16 09' 37.31715",16.16036587deg

Grid IVB
Latitute of Origin
Longitude of Origin
Standard Parallel 1
Standard Parallel 2

12N
104E
14 49' 36.97408",14.826937deg
9 09' 46.39555",9.162888deg

Spheroid name
Semi-major axis (a)
Semi-minor axis (b)
Inverse flattening (1/f)

Everest 1830
6377276.345 m
6356075.4133 m
300.8017

UTM

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Scale
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False Easting
False Northing

= 500000
=0

Zone 47 twGuf Longitude of origin = E 099

Scale
= 0.9996
False Easting
= 500000
False Northing = 0
1. Co-ordinate System Myanmar Datum 2000
Datum name
Myanmar Datum 2000
Spheroid name Everest 1830
Semi-major axis (a)
6377276.345 m
Semi-minor axis (b)
6356075.4133 m
Inverse flattening (1/f) 300.8017
2. Datum Transformations
Transformation Parameters
From Myanmar Datum2000 to WGS 84.
Origin shift Dx -246.632 m
Origin shift Dy -784.833m
Origin shift Dz -276.923 m
Rotation Rx
-0
Rotation Ry
-0
Rotation Rz
-0
Scale k 0 ppm

U Sein Win
Concordia International