THERMAL ANALYSIS OF LONG

BUILDINGS FOR ELIMINATION

OF EXPANSION JOINTS
-: PRESENTED BY :-

Sanjay Prakash Shirke

M.E.CIVIL (with Struct. Engg. subjects)

-: UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF :-

Prof. P. A. Dode
Asst. Professor

&

Dr. H. S. Chore
Prof. & Head

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
SECTOR-3 AIROLI, NAVI MUMBAI- 400

Contents
1.Introduction
2.Necessity
3.Cost impact
4.Factors affecting the expansion joints
5.Aim & Objective
6.Literature review
7.Scope of work
8.Problem Definition
9.Analytical simulations
10.Results and Discussion
11.Conclusions
12.Scope of Future work
13.References
14.List of Publications
2

Introduction

Expansion joints become mandatory

every after 45m in long buildings in
absence of thermal analysis. However,
there are no guidelines available in
Indian codes for Thermal analysis and
Structural Engineers end up putting
expansion joints in structure which
eventually forms the source of leakages
and other serviceability issues.

Necessity:
1.Restrictions in Indian code
2.Trend in a building industry for a long
multistoried structures
3.Demanding architecture
4.Serviceability issues
5.Impact on initial and maintenance cost

Necessity:
1.Restrictions in Indian code
2.Trend in a building industry for a long
multistoried structures
3.Demanding architecture
4.Serviceability issues
5.Impact on initial and maintenance cost

COURTESY: TCS HYDERABAD

COURTESY: TCS HYDERABAD

10

COURTESY: TSI INDIA PVT. LTD.

11

Necessity:
1.Restrictions in Indian code
2.Trend in a building industry for a long
multistoried structures
3.Demanding architecture
4.Serviceability issues
5.Impact on initial and maintenance cost

12

COURTESY: TSI INDIA PVT. LTD.

13

14

15

Necessity:
1.Restrictions in Indian code
2.Trend in a building industry for a long
multistoried structures
3.Demanding architecture
4.Serviceability issues
5.Impact on initial and maintenance cost

16

17

Necessity:
1.Restrictions in Indian code
2.Trend in a building industry for a long
multistoried structures
3.Demanding architecture
4.Serviceability issues
5.Impact on initial and maintenance cost

18

Cost Impact:
High Initial cost
High Maintenance cost
High Repair cost

19

Factors Affecting Expansion Joints:

1.Dimensions and configuration of
buildings
2.Design temperature change
3.Provision for temperature control
4.Type of frame
5.Type of connection to the foundation
6.Symmetry of stiffness against lateral
loads
7.Materials of construction

20

Aim / Objective:
In view of lack of information in Indian
Standard code of practice and latest trend
in Construction Industry, it has become
necessary to set the guidelines for
Structural Engineers designing the long
buildings without expansion joint. This
exercise has been taken up during this
research work .

21

Literature Review
SR.
NO
1.

NAME OF
AUTHOR/DE
PT

YEA
R

RESULT/CONCLUSION

IS 3414

1968 Expansion joints shall be placed at

corners of L, T, H and V shaped
buildings
Expansion joints shall be placed at
30m interval for long uniform
structures

For chajjas, balconies and

parapets, expansion joints shall be
provided at every 6 to 12 m interval
Thin unprotected slabs expansion
joints shall be provided at 15m
interval
Masonry wall expansion joints
shall be placed at 30m interval in the
22
walls are panel walls between

Literature Review
SR.
NO
2.

NAME OF
AUTHOR/DE
PT

YEA
R

RESULT/CONCLUSION

Expansion
joints in
buildings
Technical
report no. 65
prepared by
National
academy of
sciences,
Washington,
D.C.

1974 Structural Analysis of building

should include a determination of the
need for Thermal Expansion joints in
view
of
potential
impact
of
Temperature-produced dimensional
changes on structural integrity and
building serviceability
Factors shall be examined:
1. Dimension and configuration
of building
2. Design Temperature change
3. Provision
for
temperature
change
4. Type of frame and connection
with foundation
5. Symmetry of stiffness against
lateral displacement
23

Literature Review
SR.
NO

NAME OF
AUTHOR/DE
PT

3.

Joint design
for Reinforced
concrete
buildings by
Michael J.
Pfeiffer and
David Darwin
For University
of Kansas

YEA
R

RESULT/CONCLUSION

Dec. There is no universally accepted

1987 design approach to accommodate
building
movement
caused
by
temperature
changes.
They
presented Empirical and analytical
design techniques
Hence concluded spacing of
expansion joint can be worked out
using following 3 methods
1. Martin and Acosta (1970)
2. Varyani and Radhaji (1978)
3. National academy of Sciences
(1974)
Final determination of which method
to use rests with the designer and
24
must provide an expansion joint

Literature Review
SR.
NO
4.

NAME OF
AUTHOR/DE
PT

YEA
R

IS 456

2000

RESULT/CONCLUSION

25

Literature Review
SR.
NO

NAME OF
AUTHOR/DE
PT

YEA
R

5.

Expansion
joints: Where,
When and
How by James
M. Fisher, S.E.

April
2005

RESULT/CONCLUSION

26

Literature Review
SR.
NO
6.

NAME OF
AUTHOR/DE
PT

YEA
R

RESULT/CONCLUSION

Expansion
jointWhy
Bother? By
Davco
Construction
Materials

May As a preliminary stage, the effect of

2007 temperature stresses will be seen in
finishes in terms of misalignment as
well as heaving of floor tiles.
Expansion joints are prudent to
avoid such instances else at least
delayed strips need to followed
during finishing works

27

Literature Review
SR.
NO

NAME OF
AUTHOR/DE
PT

YEA
R

RESULT/CONCLUSION

7.

Design
Temperature
for Structural
Elements by
Paul Millman,
Robert Kilcup
A.M.ASCE and
C. Allin
Cornell,
M.ASCE

April Method was evolved which greatly

1980 simplifies the determination of
extreme values of temperatureinduced load effects. It permits the
use of daily temperature records
which are widely available for long
sampling
times
and
easily
processed.
The
method
can
be
applied
whenever the structural effect being
studied has a frequency response
function similar in shape to that of
the time-averaging filter.

28

Literature Review
SR.
NO

NAME OF
AUTHOR/DE
PT

YEA
R

RESULT/CONCLUSION

8.

Thermal
Loading of
Concrete
Roofs by
Malcolm J. S.
Hirst, M.ASCE

April A theoretical model and Design

1980 charts are presented which allows
the Structural Engineer to predict
the thermal loading parameters for a
concrete roof heated by solar
radiation from a knowledge of
material properties and standard
meteorological data.
Relationships are given to express
the daily variation of the climate
variable in terms of daily totals or
extreme values.

29

Literature Review
SR.
NO
9.

NAME OF
AUTHOR/DE
PT

YEA
R

RESULT/CONCLUSION

Thermal
Analysis of
Reinforced
Concrete
Shells by
Maria Anna
Polak

April The nature of Thermal response of

1980 Reinforced concrete structures such
that cracking actually relieves the
restraining
forces.
The
typical
pattern
in
the
behaviour
of
restrained structure is such that as
the temperature increases, the
restraining force increases until
concrete cracks. Therefore, the
magnitude of these restraining
forces due to thermal gradients is
approximately equal to the cracking
load for a given structure. The study
show
that
modelling
of
RCC
structures subjected to thermal
loads is highly dependent on the
adopted constitutive model for
concrete and also on assumptions30

Literature Review
SR.
NAME OF
YEAR
NO AUTHOR/DEP
T
10.

ACI 224.3r-95
on Joints in
Concrete
construction

2001

RESULT/CONCLUSION

1. The intensity of horizontal shear in

first story column is greatest at the
ends of the frame and approaches
zero at the centre.
2. The beams near the centre of a
frame are subjected to maximum
axial forces.
3. Columns at the ends of a frame
are
subjected
to
maximum
bending moments and shear at the
beam-column joint.
4. Shear, axial forces and bending
moments at critical section within
the lowest story are almost twice
as high for fixed columns building
compared to hinged- column
buildings.
5. The hinges place at the top and
bottom of exterior columns of 31a

Literature Review
SR.
NAME OF
YEAR
NO AUTHOR/DEP
T
11.

Concrete
at 1996
High
Temperature:
Material
Properties and
Mathematical
models
by
Zdenek
P.
Bazant
and
Maurice
F.
Kaplan,
England

RESULT/CONCLUSION

This book deals with Stress Strain

relationships for concrete at high
temperature, which can be used as
input data in mathematical models
designed to investigate the structural
behaviour of concrete structures at
high temperature. It also deals with
the thermal properties of various
normal weight concrete made with
siliceous and calcareous aggregates.
Thermal
properties
under
consideration
includes
thermal
expansion, the specific heat and
thermal conductivity of concrete.
32

Literature Review
SR.
NAME OF
YEAR
NO AUTHOR/DEP
T
12.

BS 8110-2

1985

RESULT/CONCLUSION

The risk of cracking due to thermal

movement may be minimized by
limiting the changes in temperature
to which the concrete of the structure
is subjected. Control of cracking
normally requires subdivision of the
structure
into
suitable
lengths
separated
by
the
appropriate
movement joints.
The effectiveness of movement joints
in controlling cracking in a structure
will also depend on their precise
location and may be characterised as
the place where cracks would
otherwise most probably develop, e.g.
at abrupt changes of cross section. 33

Literature Review
SR.
NAME OF
YEAR
NO AUTHOR/DEP
T
13.

Length
Thermal
stress
relations for
composite
bridges by
Jack Emanuel,
F.ASCE &
Charles M.
Taylor,
A.M.ASCE

1985

RESULT/CONCLUSION

Thermal stresses are not directly

dependent on the size of the cross
sections, but may be indirectly
dependent on the cross section. The
thermal stresses are dependent on
the temperature distribution which in
turn is dependent on the crosssectional properties.
Support reactions and deflections
caused by the thermal loading are
length dependent, but the induced
moments
and
stresses
are
independent of the length.
34

Literature Review
SR.
NAME OF
YEAR
NO AUTHOR/DEP
T
14.

Temperature
and shrinkage
study for
300m long
building by
M/s. LERA,
USA

2008

RESULT/CONCLUSION

Majority of the strain due to

temperature and shrinkage is resisted
by the shear walls/ cores located at
farthest location from centre of the
building.
Temperature variation is two third of
the difference between the extreme
values of the normal daily max and
min temperature. Based on these
assumption, the upper bound strains
are to be modified and converted to
temperature units for using them in a
finite element models STAAD or SAFE.
35

Scope Of Work:
1.Impact of temperature load on building
expansion/ elongation
2.Impact of temperature load on shear
force in columns and shear walls
3.Impact of temperature load on
reinforcement consumption in
- Flat slab
- Beam
- Shear wall & columns
4. Impact of temperature load on axial
stress in flexural elements
36

Problem definition
Study of Multi-level car park buildings
open from all sides without any skin wall/
faade:
Model 1 80m Long building
Model 2 160m Long building
Model 3 240m Long building

37

Building
Features:
1.
Type of Structure

Multi-storey pin jointed frame

2.

Earthquake zone

III

Response
reduction

Importance
factor

3.

Layout

Flat slab with columns and

shear walls

4.

Number of storey 8 (Ground + 7 parking)

5.

Ground floor
height

3.0m

6.

Parking floor
height

3.0m

7.

External walls

200mm thick with 1.2m high

parapets

8.

Internal walls

200mm thick concrete block

38

11. Seismic analysis

Static: Seismic coefficient

method

12. Design
Philosophy

Limit state method confirming

to IS 456:2000 and detailing as
per IS 13920:1993

13.

Size of ext.
column

900 x 1500

14.

Size of int.
column

900 x 900

15. Thickness of
shear wall

300, 450, 600, 700 (as per

design requirements)

16. Size of beams

300 x 750

17. Flat slab

thickness

250mm

18. Drop panel

thickness

500mm
39

Analytical simulation:
1.Three identical models using ETABS
2.Increase in length by 80m in each
model
3.Floor slabs as Finite shell elements with
applied Temperature Loads
4.Column and beams are modeled as line
elements
5.Shear walls finite element piers
6.Load combinations as per SP24 &
IS 875 Part V are defined in ETABS.
7.Earthquake forces using Seismic coefficient method as per IS 1893:2002

40

Analytical simulation:
Contd
8.Specific Temperature load combinations:
0.75 (1.05 Dead Load + 1.7 Live Load + 1.4
Temp. Load)
1.4 Dead Load + 1.4 Temperature Load

9.Elimination of wind forces

10.Design of Elements using RCDC V4
11.Flat slab analysis and design using
SAFE

41

FLOOR PLATES: Model I

42

FLOOR PLATES: Model I

43

FLOOR PLATES: Model II

44

FLOOR PLATES: Model III

45

Results and Discussion

1.Expansion of building
Sr.
No.

Model

Expansion
(mm)

1.

Model I (80m)

7.8

2.

Model II (160m)

16.0

3.

Model III (240m)

24.0

46

47

2. Design shear in core walls

48

Design shear forces

With temperature
Pie
Desig
Case
r Critical load
n
ID combinatio
shear
n
KN
1.4DL+1.4Te
Case I
P1
6978
mp
1.4DL+1.4Te
Case II P1
12365
mp
1.4DL+1.4Te
Case III P1
14825
mp

Without
temperature
Desi
Critical load
gn
combination shea
r KN
1.2(DL+LL2097
EqY)
1.2(DL+LL2097
EqY)
1.2(DL+LL2097
EqY)

49

Shear force distribution in cores

across height

50

Increase in Thickness of core

walls:-

Case I

Case II

Case III
51

3. Reinforcement consumption in
column &
shear wall
Case

Reinforcement
consumption Kg/cu.m
Length
With
Without
temperatur temperatur
e
e

Case I

80

158.0

156.0

Case II

160

134.3

156.0

Case III

240

133.9

156.0

52

4. Axial Tension in Beam due to

Temperature

53

5. Design Axial Tension in beam:

54

6. Increase in Reinforcement
Consumption in beams
Reinforcement
Case

Case I 80m
Case II 160m
Case III 240m

Consumption kg/cu.m
With
Without
temperatur temperatu
e
re

%
Increase

230.3

204.5

12.6

223.9

178.1

25.7

224.8

177.7

26.5
55

6. Increase in Reinforcement
Consumption in Flat slabs
Length
'm'

% Increase
at Level 1

% Increase
at Terrace

Case I

80

11.81

15.13

Case II

160

18.22

22.04

Case III

240

25.46

30.67

Case

56

Conclusions:
Present study confirms that elimination of
expansion joint is a viable solution in
case of lengthy structures subjected to
ambient temperature. However,
Structural Engineer shall keep an eye
on various parameters like:

Thickness of core wall at extreme ends

Heavy shear force in core walls near
Base
Axial tension in beam
Axial tension in slab

57

Scope of Future work:

Commercial / office buildings having

controlled inside temperature
Structures having pin jointed
connection with foundation like pile
with pile caps
Structural steel buildings subjected to
temperature variation
High rise buildings Commercial/
Parking/ Residential or any other
Structures with basement floors
58

References
Lewerenz,

A.C. (1907): Notes on Expansion and contraction

of concrete, Engineering News, 57 (19), 512-514
Merrill,

W.S. 1943, Prevention and control of cracking in

Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Eng News-Record, 131, 91-93
Bilig,

K. (1960): Expansion joints In structural concrete,

Macmillan, London, 962-965
National

Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C. (1974):

Technical Report No. 65 - Expansion joints in Buildings,
prepared by the Standing Committee on Structural
Engineering of the Federal Construction Council.
Varyani

V. H. and Radhaji A. (1978): Analysis of Long

Concrete Buildings for Temperature and Shrinkage Effect,
Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 59 (CII), 2030.
Paul

Millman, Robert Kilcup and C. Allin Cornell (1980):

Design Temperature for Structural Elements, Journal of the
Structural Division, American Society of Structural Engineers,
Vol. 106 (ST4), 877-895.
Reynolds,

C.E. (1981): Reinforced Concrete Designers

59

PCA.

(1982). Building movements and joints, Portland

Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 64pp
SP

24 (1983): Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard

Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced concrete, Bureau of
Indian Standards, 43-45.
Mark

Fintel (1984): Joints in building, Second edition,

Handbook of concrete engineering, New York, 121-137.
H.

Carl Walker (1984): Parking Structures, Second edition,

Handbook of concrete engineering, New York, 734-740.
Malcolm

J. S. Hirst (1984): Thermal Loading of Concrete

Roofs, Journal of Structural Engineering, American Society of
Structural Engineers, Vol. 110 (8), 1847-1860.
Jack

Emanuel & Charles M. Taylor (1985): Length Thermal

stress relations for composite bridges, Journal of Structural
Engineering, American Society of Structural Engineers, Vol.
111 (4), 788-804.
Pfeiffer,

Michael J. and Darwin David (1987): Joint design for

Reinforced concrete buildings SM Report No. 20, University of
Kansas Center For Research, Lawrence, KS
PCA.

(1992) Joint Design for Concrete Highways and Street

Pavements, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 13pp

60

IS

3414 (1995), Code of practice for Design and Installation

of joints in Buildings, Bureau of Indian Standards, 5-26.
ACI

committee 224.3 (1995): Joints in Concrete

construction, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
MI, 2005, 1-44
Zdenek

P. Bazant and Maurice F. Kaplan (1996): Concrete at

High Temperature: Material Properties and Mathematical
models, Longman Group Ltd., Harlow, England.
Maria

Anna Polak (1998): Thermal Analysis of Reinforced

Concrete Shells, Journal of Structural Engineering, American
Society of Structural Engineers, Vol. 124 (1), 105-108.
BS

8110 Part 2 (2001): Structural use of Concrete - Code

of Practice for special circumstances, British Standard
IS

456 (2000): Code of practice for Plain and Reinforced

concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, 16, 55.
Lee

Hong-Jae and Lee Cha-Don (2000): Theoretical

Development and Design Aids for Expansion Joint Spacing,
KCI Concrete Journal, Vol. 12 (1), 101-111.
James

M. Fisher, (2005): Expansion joints: Where, When and

How, Proceedings of The Steel Conference, North American
Steel Construction Conference.

61

Edward

G. Nawy (2008): Joints in Concrete Construction,

Concrete Construction Engineering Handbook, Second
edition,17.117.15
Bill

Faschion and Nayan Trivedi (2008): Temperature and

shrinkage study for 300m long building For M/s. Tishman
Speyer Inc for their project in Hyderabad, India
Mohammed

Iqbal, (2010):Design of expansion joints in

Parking structures, Structural Engineering Magazine, NCSEA,
United Stages of America.
Tech

Topic series (2010): Considerations in Expansion Joint

system selection, by ERIE METAL SPECIALTIES, Vol. 8
Concrete

Construction Products andConcrete Surfaces

(2010): Proceedings of Concrete Construction Forum
ACI-318

(2011): Building code requirements for structural

concrete and commentary, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI
Mathew

D. Brady (2011): Expansion joint considerations for

building, Modern Steel Construction by Steel Solutions
Center.
Lawrence

Grybosky (2012): Thermal expansion

Contraction, for PENNSTATE College of Engineering

and

62

List of Publications:
Paper

published on Thermal Analysis of Long Buildings for

elimination of Expansion joints, at 3rd International
Conference on Quality Up gradation in Engineering, Science &
technology, IC-QUEST 2014, 19 APRIL 2014
Paper

published on Effect of Temperature load on Beam

design in Thermal analysis, at International Conference on
Recent Innovations in Science, Engineering & technology,
ICRISET, 29 JUNE 2014
Paper

accepted on Effect of Temperature load on Flat slab

design in Thermal analysis, at Structural Engineering
Convention 2014 to be held by Department of Civil
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi

63

Thank you
..
64