Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 What is the Internet?

1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core

circuit switching, packet switching, network

structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packetswitched networks

1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History
Introduction

1-1

How do loss and delay

occur?

packets queue in router buffers

packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link

capacity
packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)
A

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction

1-2

Four sources of packet

delay
1. nodal processing:

2. queueing

check bit errors

determine output link

time waiting at output

link for transmission
depends on congestion
level of router

transmission

propagation
B

nodal
processing

queueing
Introduction

1-3

Delay in packet-switched
networks
3. Transmission delay:
R=link bandwidth
(bps)
L=packet length (bits)
time to send bits into
link = L/R

4. Propagation delay:
d = length of physical
link
s = propagation speed in
medium (~2x108 m/sec)
propagation delay = d/s
Note: s and R are very different
quantities!

transmission

propagation
B

nodal
processing

queueing
Introduction

1-4

Caravan analogy
100 km
ten-car
caravan

toll
booth

100 km
toll
booth

cars propagate at
100 km/hr
toll booth takes 12 sec to
service car (transmission
time)
car~bit; caravan ~ packet
Q: How long until caravan
is lined up before 2nd toll
booth?

Time to push entire

caravan through toll
booth onto highway =
12*10 = 120 sec
Time for last car to
propagate from 1st to
2nd toll both: 100km/
(100km/hr)= 1 hr
A: 62 minutes

Introduction

1-5

Caravan analogy (more)

100 km
ten-car
caravan

100 km

toll
booth

Cars now propagate

at
1000 km/hr
Toll booth now takes 1
min to service a car
Q: Will cars arrive to
2nd booth before all
cars serviced at 1st
booth?

toll
booth

Yes! After 7 min, 1st car

at 2nd booth and 3 cars
still at 1st booth.
1st bit of packet can
arrive at 2nd router
before packet is fully
transmitted at 1st router!
See Ethernet applet at AWL
Web site
Introduction

1-6

Nodal delay
d nodal d proc d queue d trans d prop
dproc = processing delay
typically a few microsecs or less

dqueue = queuing delay

depends on congestion

dtrans = transmission delay

= L/R, significant for low-speed links

dprop = propagation delay

a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs
Introduction

1-7

Real Internet delays and routes

What do real Internet delay & loss look like?
Traceroute program: provides delay
measurement from source to router along endend Internet path towards destination. For all i:
sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
router i will return packets to sender
sender times interval between transmission and reply.
3 probes

3 probes

3 probes

Introduction

1-9

Real Internet delays and routes

traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
Three delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
link
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
* means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
18 * * *
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
Introduction

1-10

Throughput
throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at
which bits transferred between
sender/receiver
instantaneous: rate at given point in
time
average: rate over longer period of
time
link
capacity
that
can carry
server,
server
sendswith
bits pipe
fluid
at rate
file of
F bits
(fluid)
into
pipe
Rs bits/sec
to send to client
Rs bits/sec)
Introduction

link that
capacity
pipe
can carry
at rate
Rfluid
c bits/sec
Rc bits/sec)

1-12

Throughput (more)
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec

Rs

Rc bits/sec

> Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec

Rc bits/sec

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction

1-13

Throughput: Internet
scenario
per-connection
end-end
throughput:
min(Rc,Rs,R/10)
in practice: Rc
or Rs is often
bottleneck

Rs
Rs

Rs
R

Rc

Rc
Rc

10 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
Introduction

1-14