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Introduction
1.
2.
3.
2.
2. Reactance relay
3. Mho relay
4. Modified impedance relay
1. Since the distance relays are fed from the secondaries of line CTs and
bus PTs/line CVTs, the line parameters are to be converted into
secondary values to set the relay as per requirements
2.
Zones
Reactance
Time
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Zone - 1
80% of ZL
instantaneous
Zone - 2
0.3 to0.4sec
Zone - 3
0.6to0.8sec
Zone - 4
100% of ZL + 120% of ZLL
0.9 to1.5sec
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------where ZL = Positive sequence impedance of line to be protected.
ZSL = Positive sequence impedance of adjacent shortest line.
ZLL = Positive sequence impedance of adjacent longest line
Starters.
2.
Measuring units.
3.
Timers
4.
Auxiliary relays
Fault resistance.
2.
Infeed effect.
3.
Branching-off effect.
4.
Load encroachment
Feeder Protection
1) Over Current Protection
a) Time delayed non directional (51)
Ia
Ia
Ib
Ib
Ic
Ic
In=Ia+Ib+Ic
In=Ia+Ib+Ic
Earth Fault
E/F
O/C
O/C
O/C
E/F
O/C
O/C
Phase Fault
E/F
O/C
O/C
O/C
E/F
O/C
O/C
Directional Protection
2.1
1.7
1.3
0.9
0.5
0.1
2.1
1.7
1.3
0.9
0.5
0.1
0.9
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.9
51
67
67
67
Load
51
67
Load
67
Load
67
Open ring at A
Grade : A' - E' - D' - C' - B'
2.
A'
0.1
0.5
1.3
E'
0.1
1.3
1.7
C
0.9
0.9
D'
0.5
Not
Compatible
B
F1
B'
C'
A'
F2
D'
Option 1
50
Option 1
PW
PW
Option 2
Option 2
Option 1
Parallel Feeders
Non-Directional Relays :-
51 C
51 B
51 D
Load
A&B
Operating Time
51 A
C&D
Fault level
at F
Parallel Feeders
Consider fault on one feeder :I1 + I2
I1
51 A
51 B
I2
51
51
LOAD
Parallel Feeders
Solution:- Directional Control at C and
I +I
D
1
I1
51 A
51 B
I2
67
LOAD
67
Parallel Feeders
Setting philosophy for directional relays
E
51 A
Load
67
51
51 B
67
Parallel Feeders
Usually, relays are set :- 50% of full load current (note thermal
rating)
IDMT rather than DT
Minimum T.M.S. (0.1)
Load1
Grade B with D at If3=If
If3
B
If1
If2
Load
A
M = Margin
M
M
Ifmax