Transformer Protection 20

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Target Audiance
Electrical Engineers
Protection Engineers
Test & Commissioning Engineers
Power System Engineers
Utility Engineers
Electrical Technicians
> Transformer Protection
Introduction
Transformers are a
critical and expensive
component of the
power system. Due to
long lead time for
repair and replacement
of transformers, a
major goal of
transformer protection
is limiting the damage
to a faulted
transformer. The
comprehensive
transformer protection
provided by multiple
function protective
relays is appropriate for
critical transformers of
all applications.
The type of protection

for the transformers
varies depending on
the application and
importance of the
transformer.
Transformers are
protected primarily
against faults and
overloads. The type of
protection used should
minimize the time of
disconnection for faults
within the transformer
and to reduce the risk
of catastrophic failure
to simplify eventual
repair.
Any extended
operation of the
transformer under
abnormal condition
such as faults or
overloads
compromises the life
of the transformer,
which means
adequate protection
should be provided
for quicker isolation
of the transformer
under such condition.
TYPES OF FAULTS
The various possible transformer faults are,

1. Overheating
2. Winding faults
3. Open circuits
4. External faults
5. Over fluxing
10
OVERHEATING
They are due to

Sustained overloads and short circuits
Failure of cooling system
Protection
The thermal overload relays and temperature relays, sounding
the alarm are used
The thermocouples or resistance temperature indicators are
also provided near the winding.
These are connected in a bridge circuits.
When the bridge balance gets disturbed for more than the
permissible duration circuit breaker trips.
11
WINDING FAULTS
The winding faults are called internal faults. The overheating or
mechanical shocks deteriorates the winding insulation. If the
winding insulation-is weak, there is a possibility of
Phase to phase faults
Earth faults
Inter turn faults
Persistent fault would have a possibility of oil-fire.
PROTECTION
Differential protection
Over current protection is also used as a backup protection
For earth fault protection, the restricted earth fault protection
system, neutral current relays or leakage to frame protection
system is used.
12
OPEN CIRCUIT
The open circuit in one of the three phases causes the

undesirable heating of the transformer.
Open circuits are much harmless compared to other faults.
Transformers can be manually disconnected from the system
during such faults.
13
THROUGH FAULTS
Through faults are the external faults which occur outside the
protected zone.
These are not detected by the differential protection.
If faults persists the transformer gets subjected to thermal and
mechanical stresses which can damage the transformer.
PROTECTION
The overcurrent relays with undervoltage blocking, zero
sequence protection and negative sequence protection are
used to give protection
The setting of the overcurrent protection not only protects
transformer but also covers the station busbar and portion of a
transmission line.
14
OVERFLUXING
The flux density in the transformer core is proportional to the
ratio of the voltage to frequency i.e. V/f
Transformers are designed to work with certain value of flux
density in the core. In the generator transformer unit, if full
excitation is applied before generator reaches its synchronous
speed then due to high V/f the overfluxing of core may occur.
PROTECTION
V/f relay called volts/hertz relay is provided to give the
protection against overfluxing operation.
15
Other faults
Tap changer faults
High voltage surges due to lightning
Switching surges
Incipient faults
16
Importance of Protection
Detect and isolate fault
Maintain system stability
To limit the damage in adjacent equipment
Minimize fire risk
Minimize risk to personnel
17
Transformer Connections
18
a a2
A
C1
A2
C2
C B1
A
B
C
19
A2
B2
C2
A1
B1
C1
a1
b1
c1
c1
A1
B2 B
a2
b2
c2
a1
b1
b2
c2
c
a
b
Clock face numbers refer to

position of low voltage phase neutral vector with respect to high
voltage phase - neutral vector.
Line connections made to highest

numbered winding terminal available.
Line phase designation is same as
winding.
Transformer Vector Groups
Phase displacement
Yy0
Dd0
Zd0
Phase displacement
Yy6
Dd6
Dz6
Lag phase displacement
Yd1
Dy1
Yz1
Lead phase displacement
Yd11
Dy11
Yz11
Group 1
0
Group 2
180
Group 3
30
Group 4
30
20
Clock Face numbers refer to position of low voltage

phase-neutral vector with respect to high voltage phase
neutral vector
Line connections made to highest numbered winding

terminal available
Line phase designation is same as winding

Example 1 : Dy 11 Transformer
High
Voltage
Windings
A Phase
Winding
s
B Phase
Winding
s
C Phase
Winding
s
A2
B2
C2
Low
Voltage
Windings
a1
a2
B1
b1
b2
C1
c1
c2
A1
Question : How to connect windings ?
21
Overcurrent Protection
22
Transformer Overcurrent Protection
Requirements
Fast operation for primary short circuits
Discrimination with downstream protections
Operation within transformer withstand
Non-operation for short or long term overloads
Non-operation for magnetising inrush
23
Use of Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection
HV
LV
50
51
50 set to 1.2 - 1.3 x through fault level
24
Transient Overreach
Concerns relay response to offset waveforms (DC
transient)
Definition
I1 - I2
x 100
I2
I2
I1
25
D.
C
.
I1 = Steady state
rms
pick up
current
I2 = Fully offset
rms
pickup
current
Instantaneous High Set Overcurrent

Relay Applied to a Transformer
5
1
LV
5
1
HV
1
5
1
HV
2
HV1
Tim
e
HV2
LV
IF(LV)
IF(HV)
1.2IF(LV)
26
Curren
t
Current Distribution
I3
I3
0.866
I3
I3
27
HV relay
0.4 sec
LV relay
0.866 I3 I3
28
29
30
31
32
Parallel Transformers
Directional Relays (1)
51
Grid supply
67
Feeders
51
67
51
33
51
Parallel Transformers
Directional Relays (2)
51
Grid supply
51
Bus
Section
Feeders
51
51
34
51
35
Earth Fault Protection
36
Transformer Earth Faults

3 p.u. turns 1 p.u. turns
IP
PR
Protective
Relay
ResistorlimitsE/Fcurrentto fullloadvalues
IF
Thus,primarycurrent, P
. F.L.
3
For a fault at : Faultcurrent . F.L.

Effectiveturnsratio 3 :
If C.T. ratio (on primary side) is based on full

load current of transforme r, then C.T. secondary
2
circuit
3
37
x .F.L.
3
Overcurrent Relay Sensitivity

to Earth Faults (1)
If as multiple
of IF.L.
1.0
0.9
IF
0.8
Star
Side
0.7
0.6
51
0.5
Overcurrent
Relay
0.4
Delta
Side
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Overcurrent Relay Setting >

IF.L.
38
p.u..

to Earth Faults (2)
If as multiple
of IF.L.
10
9
8
IF
Star
Side
7
6
51
Overcurrent
Relay
4
3
2
Delta
Side
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
p.u..
39

to Earth Faults (3)
If as multiple
of IF.L.
10
IF
IF
9
8
7
6
IP
IN
IP
5
4
3
2
IN
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

0.9 1.0
40
p.u..
Earth Fault on Transformer Winding
I=
2
3
For relay operation, I > IS
e.g. If IS = 20%, then > 20% for

operation
3
2
Differential
Relay
Setting = IS
41
i.e. > 59%

Thus 59% of
winding is not protected
Differential Relay Setting

10%
% of Star Winding Protected

58%
20%
41%
30%
28%
40%
17%
50%
7%
Unrestricted Earthfault Protection (1)
51
N
5
1
Provides back-up protection for system

Time delay required for co-ordination
42
5
1
5
1
Unrestricted Earth fault Protection
51
N
51
N
5
1
5
1
5
1
Can provide better sensitivity

(C.T. ratio not related to full load current)
(Improved effective setting)
Provides back up protection for transformer and system
43
Star Winding REF
Protected
Zone
RE
F
Relay only operates for earth faults within protected zone.

Uses high impedance principle.
Stability level : usually maximum through fault level of
transformer
44
Restricted E/F Protection
A B C N
LV restricted E/F
protection trips
both HV and LV breaker
Recommended setting : 10%
rated
45
Restricted E/F Protection
A B C N
LV restricted E/F protection trips both HV and LV breaker

Recommended setting : 10% rated
46
Delta Winding Restricted Earth Fault
Source
Protected zone
REF
Delta winding cannot supply zero sequence current to

system
Stability : Consider max LV fault level
Recommended setting : less than 30% minimum earth fault
level
47
High Impedance Principle

Protected
Circuit
Z
M
RCT
RCT
RL
IF
IS
VS
RL
RL
RS
RT
Voltage Across Relay Circuit
RL
VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)
Stabilising resistor RST limits spill current to IS (relay setting)

VS
RST =
- RR
where RR = relay burden
IS
CT knee point
VKP = 2VS = 2IF (RCT + 2RL)
48
The Use Of Non-Linear Resistors (Metrosils)
During internal faults the high impedance relay circuit

constitutes an excessive burden to the CTs.
A very high voltage develops across the relay circuit and
the CTs.
Causes damage to insulation of CT, secondary
winding and relay.
Magnitude of peak voltage VP is given by an approximate
formula (based on experimental results)
VP = 2 2VK (VF - VK)
Where VF = Swgr. Fault Rating in amps x Z of relay
circuit
CT ratio
@ setting
Metrosil required if VP > 3kV
49
Non-Linear Resistors (Metrosils)

IOP
RST
VM
VS
RR
Metrosil Characteristic
V = CI
Suitable values of C & chosen based on :

Max secondary current under fault conditions
Relay setting voltage
50
REF Protection Example
1MVA
(5%)
11000V
415V
1600/1
RCT =
4.9
Calculate :
1) Setting voltage (VS)
80MV
A
2) Value of stabilising
resistor required
3) Effective setting
1600/1
RCT =
4.8
51
RS
MCAG14
IS = 0.1
Amp
2 Core 7/0.67mm
(7.41/km)
100m Long
4) Peak voltage
developed by CTs
for internal fault
Solution (1)
Earth fault calculation :Using 80MVA base
Source impedance = 1 p.u.
Transformer impedance = 0.05 x 80 = 4 p.u.
1
p.u.
1 P.U.
Total impedance = 14
1
4
I1 = 1 = 0.0714 p.u.
14
I1
Base current = 80 x 106

3 x 415
= 111296 Amps
I2
IF
4
I0
Sequence Diagram
52
= 3 x 0.0714 x 111296
= 23840 Amps (primary)
= 14.9 Amps (secondary)
Solution (2)
(1) Setting voltage

VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)
Assuming earth CT saturates,
RCT = 4.8 ohms
2RL = 2 x 100 x 7.41 x 10-3 = 1.482 ohms
Setting voltage = 14.9 (4.8 + 1.482)
= 93.6 Volts
(2) Stabilising Resistor (RS)

RS = VS - 1
IS IS2
Where IS = relay current setting
RS = 93.6 - 1 = 836 ohms

0.1
0.12
53
Solution
(4)
Peak voltage = 22VK (VF - VK)

VF = 14.9 x VS = 14.9 x 936 = 13946 Volts
IS
For Earth CT, VK = 1.4 x 236 = 330 Volts (from graph)
VPEAK = 22 x 330 x (13946 - 330)
= 6kV
Thus, Metrosil voltage limiter will be required.
54
Traditional Large Transformer

Protection Package
33K
V
200/5
51 5
0
10MVA
33/11KV
600/5
51
N
64
600/5
5/5A
55
87
Differential Protection
56
Overall differential protection may be justified for
larger transformers (generally > 5MVA).
Provides fast operation on any winding
Measuring principle :
Based on the same circulating current principle as the
restricted earth fault protection
However, it employs the biasing technique, to maintain
stability for heavy through fault current
Biasing allows mismatch between CT outputs.

It is essential for transformers with tap changing
facility.
Another important requirement of transformer
differential protection is immunity to magnetising in
rush current.
57
Biased Differential Scheme
Differential
Current
I1
BIAS
OPERATE
BIAS I
2
I1 I2
OPERATE
I1 I2
RESTRAIN
I1 +
I2
2
58
Mean Through
Current
HV
PROTECTED
ZONE
LV
Correct application of differential protection requires CT ratio

and winding connections to match those of transformer.
CT secondary circuit should be a replica of primary system.
Consider :
(1)
(2)
(3)
59
Difference in current magnitude

Phase shift
Zero sequence currents
Differential Connections And polarity markings
P1
P2
A2
A1
60
a1
a2
P2
P1
Use of Interposing CT
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
P1
S2
S1 P1
Interposing CT provides :
Vector correction
Ratio correction
Zero sequence compensation
P2
S2
S2
61
a2
P2
S1
Interposing current transformers
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
150/5
P2
P1
S1
15MVA
66kV / 11kV
A2
A1 a1
a2
800/5
P2
P1
S2
S2
S1
Dy1
Given above: Need to consider (1) Winding full load current

(2) Effect of tap changer (if any)
(3) C.T. polarities
Assuming no tap changer
Full load currents:66kV: 131 Amp = 4.37 Amps secondary
11kV: 787 Amp = 4.92 Amps secondary
However, require 11kV C.T.s to be connected in
Thus, secondary current = 3 x 4.92 = 8.52A
RATIO CORRECTION IS REQUIRED

81
800/5
150/5
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
a2
P2
P1
S2
S2
4.37A
4.92A
S1
S2 P1
(2.56)
S1
P2
(5)
R
R
It is usual to connect 11kV C.T.s in

and utilise a
/
interposing C.T. (this
method reduces lead VA burden on the line C.T.s)
Current from 66kV side = 4.37 Amp
Thus, current required from
winding of int. C.T. = 4.37 Amp
Current input to
winding of int. C.T. = 4.92 Amp
Required int C.T. ratio = 4.92 / 4.37 = 4.92 / 2.52
3
May also be expressed as : 5 / 2.56
82
Effect of Tap Changer
e.g. Assume 66kV +5%, -15%

Interposing C.T. ratio should be based on mid tap position
Mid Tap (-5%)
= 62.7 kV
Primary current (15 MVA)
= 138 Amp
Secondary current
= 4.6 Amp
Interposing C.T. ratio required = 4.92 / 4.6

3
(
/
)
= 4.92 / 2.66
May also be expressed as : 5 / 2.7
Compared with 5 / 2.56 based on nominal voltage
83
Combined Differential and

Restricted Earth Fault Protection
A1 a1
A2
a2
P1
P2
S1
P1
P2
S1
S2
REF
S2
P2
P1
S1
S2
To differential relay
84
Three Winding Transformer

63MV
A
132KV
300/5
25MV
A
11KV
1600/5
50MV
A
33KV
1000/5
4.59
5.51
10.33
2.88
2.88
All interposing C.T. ratios refer

to common MVA base (63MVA)
85
Traditional Use of Interposing CT

Dy1(-30)
Yd11(+30)
R
R
Interposing CT provides :
Vector correction
Ratio correction
Zero sequence compensation
86
Integral Vectorial and Ratio

Compensation
Power transformer
Numeric
Relay
Ratio
correction
Vectorial
correction
Virtual interposing CT
87
Differential
element
Transformer Magnetising
Characteristic
Twice
Normal
Flux
Normal
Flux
Normal
No Load
Current
No Load Current
at Twice Normal
Flux
88
Magnetising Inrush Current

Steady State
+ m
V
Im
- m
89
Magnetising Inrush Current

Switch on at Voltage Zero - No residual flux
Im
2m
90
Transformer Differential Protection

Effect of Magnetising Current
Appears on one side of transformer only

Seen as fault by differential relay
Normal steady state magnetising current is less than
relay setting
Transient magnetising inrush could cause relay to
operate
91

Effect of Magnetising Inrush
SOLUTION 1 : TIME DELAY
Allows magnetising current to die away before relay can

operate
Slow operation for genuine transformer faults
92

Effect of Magnetising Inrush
SOLUTION 2 : 2ND (and 5TH) HARMONIC RESTRAINT
Makes relay immune to magnetising inrush

Slower operation may result for genuine transformer faults
if CT saturation occurs
93
Typical Magnetising Inrush

Waveforms
A
B
C
94
Inter-Turn Fault Protection
95
Inter-Turn Fault
CT
E
Load
Shorted
turn
Nominal turns ratio

Fault turns ratio
Current ratio
- 11,000 / 240
- 11,000 / 1
- 1 / 11,000
Requires Buchholz relay
96
Interturn Fault Current / Number

of Turns Short Circuited
100
10
Fault current in short
circuited turns
80
Fault current
(multiples of
rated current)
60
6
Primary input current
40
20
10
15
20
25
Turn short-circuited (percentage of winding)
97
Primary current
(multiples of
rated current)
Non-electrical Protection
Buchholz Protection
Pressure Relief Protection
Sudden Pressure Protection
Winding Temperature Protection
Oil Temperature Protection
Oil Level Abnormal Protection
98
Buchholz Protection
The function of the relay is to detect an abnormal condition

within the tank and send an alarm or trip signal.
99
Buchholz operate when:
Gas produced from the transformer due to fault

An oil surge from the tank to the conservator
A complete loss of oil from the conservator (very low oil level)
100
Pressure Relief Device
Transformers last line of defense against internal pressure
101
Sudden Pressure Protection
Used to detect sudden increase in gas pressure caused by

internal arcing
Set to operate before pressure relief device
102
Oil Temperature Protection
Typically sealed spiral-bourdon-tube dial indicators with liquidfilled bulb sensor
103
Buchholz Relay Installation
3 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)
Conservator
5 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)
Oil conservator
3 minimum
Transformer
104
Buchholz Relay
Petcock
Alarm bucket
Counter balance
weight
Mercury switch
Oil level
To oil
conservator
From transformer
Trip bucket
Aperture adjuster
Drain plug
105
Deflector plate
Overfluxing Protection
106
Transformer protection
Over fluxing protection

Over fluxing arises principally from the
following system conditions.
High system voltage
Low system frequency
Geomagnetic disturbances
The latter result in low frequency earth
currents circulating through a transmission
system.
107
Overfluxing
Generator transformers
Grid transformers
Usually only a problem during run-up or shut down, but can be
caused by loss of load / load shedding etc.
Flux V
f
Effects of overfluxing :
Increase in magnetising current

Increase in winding temperature
Increase in noise and vibration
Overheating of laminations and metal parts (caused by stray flux)
Protective relay responds to V/f ratio
Stage 1 - lower A.V.R.

Stage 2 - Trip field
108
Overfluxing Basic Theory
V = kf
2m
CAUSES
Low frequency
High voltage
Geomagnetic disturbances
EFFECTS
Tripping of differential element (Transient overfluxing)

Damage to transformers (Prolonged overfluxing)
109
Ie
V/Hz Overfluxing Protection
V K
f
Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged overfluxing
Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action
Trip : IDMT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition
Settings
Pick-up 1.5 to 3.0 i.e.
110V x 1.05 = 2.31

50Hz
DT setting range 0.1 to 60 seconds
110
V/Hz Characteristics
Enables co-ordination with plant withstand characteristics
t = 0.8 + 0.18 x K
(M - 1)2
1000
K = 63
K = 40
K = 20
K=5
K=1
100
Operating
time (s)
10
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
M = V Hz
Setting
111
1.5
1.6
Thermal Overload Protection
112
Over temperature
Generally regarded as overload protection also deals
with failure of or interference with pumps and fans or
shutting of valves to pumps
Winding hot spot temperature is the main issue, but both
oil and winding temperature are usually measured and
used to:
initiate an alarm
trip circuit breakers
control fans and pumps
113
Over temperature
Two temperatures must be monitored:
Winding temperature (WTI) -(short
thermal ) this can rise rapidly, without
much of an increase in oil temperature
Oil temperature (OTI) -(long thermal )
this can rise slowly to a critical point
without an unacceptable winding
temperature increase
114
Typical alarm and trip levels
winding alarm - 90C to

110C
winding trip - 110C to
135C
oil alarm - 80C to 95C
oil trip - 95C to 115C
115
Overheating Protection
I load
Alarm
TD
setting
Top oil of
power
transformer
Trip
I load
On
Fan
control
Off
On
Pump
control
Off
Heater
Temp. indication
Local
Thermal
replica
116
Temperature
sensing resistor
Remote
Typical Transformer Protection to

Feeders
117
Protection of Parallel
Transformer Feeders
Higher voltage
busbar
Z
OC
OC
FTS
FTS
REF
REF
DP
DP
Bh
WT
WT
Bh
REF
DOC
REF
SBEF
2 stage
SBEF
2 stage
OC
OC
Load
Load
118
Lower voltage
busbar
DOC
Transformer Feeders
FEEDE
R
PW
PILOT
S
P
W
For use where no breaker separates the transformer from the

feeder.
Transformer inrush current must be considered.
Inrush is a transient condition which may occur at the instant of
transformer energisation.
Mag. Inrush current is not a fault condition
Protection must remain stable.
MCTH provides a blocking signal in the presence of inrush
current and allows protection to be used on transformer feeders.
119
Transformer Feeder Protection

Dy11
A
B
P1
S1
P2
S2
23
24
25
26
27
28
II
ii
III
iii
MCTH
MBCI
27
28
MFAC
14
19
17
17
PILOTS
18
19
18 17
19
1
+ MVTW
02
13
14
120
S1
A
B
C
17
19
P1
S2
MCTH 23
17
23
24
25
26
27
28
P2
MBCI
18
24
25
26
27
28
23
24
25
26
27
28
Protection
of Transformer Feeders
Power transformer
P540
Scheme
Ratio
correction
Vectorial
correction
121

Transformer Protection 20

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Transformer Protection 20

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

The type of protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

The various possible transformer faults are,

> Transformer Protection

They are due to

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

The open circuit in one of the three phases causes the

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

Clock face numbers refer to

Line connections made to highest

Transformer Vector Groups

Lag phase displacement

Lead phase displacement

> Transformer Protection

Clock Face numbers refer to position of low voltage

Line connections made to highest numbered winding

Line phase designation is same as winding

Question : How to connect windings ?

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

Transformer Overcurrent Protection

> Transformer Protection

Use of Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection

> Transformer Protection

Instantaneous High Set Overcurrent

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection

Earth Fault Protection

> Transformer Protection

Transformer Earth Faults

For a fault at : Faultcurrent . F.L.

If C.T. ratio (on primary side) is based on full

> Transformer Protection

Overcurrent Relay Sensitivity

Overcurrent Relay Setting >

> Transformer Protection

Overcurrent Relay Sensitivity

> Transformer Protection