Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Virendra Kumar
MBBS, MD (India)
Professor and Head
Department of Forensic Medicine
Aarupadai Veedu Medical College
Pondicherry, INDIA
Introduction
Various Reasons of Unnatural (homicidal and Suicidal) Death of
Women
Dowry What is
Dowry related Crimes
Dowry Death
Abetment of Suicide
Cruelty by Husband or Relatives of Husband
Methods for Homicide and Suicide in Women
Bride Burning What, Why
Sati System
Incidences
Material and Methods
Advantage & Disadvantages of Methodology
Challenges in Data Collection
Other sources of Data Collection
Recommendations
Effective Surveillance System
Haddons Matrix
Other General Measures
Inference of Study
Summary
Photographs
Annexure I (Performa of Research)
Introduction
Dowry
Marital Infidelity
Sexual Jealousy
Impotency
Oedipal Dominance of mother in law over the
bridegroom
Contd/-
DOWRY
Dowry means the money, goods or estate
that a woman brings to her husband in marriage
Dowry is a continuing demand. It is not one isolated
payment made initially at the time of marriage alone, but
a series of gifts before and after marriage till the in-laws
and the husband are appeased.
This custom of dowry has been in vogue since very
ancient times
Contd/-
Abetment of Suicide
(l) (Sec. 306) -In Indian Penal Code has been dealt
as :
'If any person commits suicide, whoever abets the
commission of such suicide, shall be punished with impri
sonment of either description for a term which may
extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.
Contd/-
Cruelty means
a) Any willful conduct which is of such a nature as is
likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause
grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (Whether
mental or physical) of the woman; or
b) Harassment of the woman where such
harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person
related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any
property or valuable security or is on account of failure
by her or any person related to her to meet such
demand.
Bride Burning
No specific definition of bride burning
May be suicidal or homicidal
Sati System
The belief that a sati had great supernatural
powers, motivated others to ensure that she
burnt herself for their benefit. It was thought
that a woman on her way to the pyre was
capable of bestowing eternal bliss on anyone
she cared to look upon; that she could
descend to hell and force the powers of the pit
to yield her ancestors, relatives and friends
and bring them to salvation.
Contd/-
for
Sati was to prevent a wife from
poisoning her
husband: the fact that she would have to
die
with him would inhibit any such
intentions.
That the widow might misbehave and
bring
disgrace to the family was yet another
theory
to support sati.
INCIDENCES
Difficult to determine accurate numbers
By extrapolating our data(1989) suggests 600750
homicidal deaths per year.
NCRB of India has reported 7618 dowry death cases
in 2006
Rugene and Basu (2002) reported about 15,000
homicidal death in women over dowry in India every
year.
Sharma BR et al in 2002 reports that an estimated
25,000 brides are killed or maimed worldwide every
year over dowry disputes
Material
and
Methods
Material
152 fatal cases of Burnt married female during
the period from 13-6-1987 to 3-2-1989 taken
randomly from a total of 27O married female
burn deaths autopsied during this period.
This total of 152 cases autopsied were studied
to find out the history of the cases, their
epidemiological features,
the nature of burn
injuries and their medico legal aspects.
This work was
burns only
Methods
I Data Collection
II Epidemiological Features
III Nature of Injury
IV Medico legal Aspects
V Exclusion and Inclusion Methods
I. Data Collection
A Interviewing
a) The husbands and in laws
b) The parents
c) The neighbours and friends
accompanying the dead body
d) Police constables accompanying the
cases.
B The police inquest reports and other Police
papers sent with the dead bodies
C First information reports.
D Autopsy examination proper.
These methods were used to collect the different
data pertaining to the cases.
Disadvantages of Methodology
1. In-laws always try to conceal the facts and level the
homicide one to as suicide or accidental one
2. Parents sometimes are not available during autopsy
3. At times parents also do not tell the truth just to avoid
any legal implications
4. Police is also sometimes bribed by In laws to make
the story as an accident
5. Sometimes even at autopsy also, it becomes difficult
to know the nature of death
2. Parents
Not available during autopsy as not been informed
Wrong parents
Parents also do not tell the truth just to avoid any
legal implications
Unable to share the fact due to mental trauma
3. Police
Bribed by in-laws to make the incident as an accident
4. Neighbour
Not available in many cases
If available, do not want to give any statements due to
legal implications
5. Autopsy
Even at autopsy also, it becomes sometimes difficult
to know the nature of death
Recommendations
Prevention and Control of Dowry Death
Effective Surveillance system in married
women deaths
A Reliable estimates of dowry deaths by
collection and collation of all the data from various
sources as mentioned above at the regional and
national level
B Design of tools for distinguishing between
accidents, suicides, and homicides
C One central agency should be given
responsibility for all this surveillance work e.g.,
National Commission For Women in India,
Contd/-
Inference
of
Study
Nature of Death
46.05
50
Percentage
40
30
30.92
21.05
20
10
1.98
0
Suicidal
Homicidal
Accidental
Manner of Death
Undetermined
Most of the victims had arranged marriages 141(92.76%) as compared to love marriages 11(7.23%) cases.
Almost half of the incidents occurred within 5
yrs. of their marriage - 74(48.68%).
Most of the burnt wife victims died either
issueless 74(48.68%) or after having one 26(17.10%) or two 21(13.81%) children. More
than half of the homicidal (53.19%) and
suicidal - (53.12%) victims died before they
had any issue.
In the maximum number of cases 50(32.89%) none was present at the place of
incidents- whereas one person in 30(19.73%),
two in 19(12.5%) and more than 5 person in
14(9.21%) of cases were present at the spot
during the incident.
Reportedly parents were informed in
l27(80.89%) cases of married female burning
while in rest cases 25 (16.44'%) parents were
not informed till autopsies were done.
Over a majority of the victims 120(78.97%),.died in a hospital while 26(17.10%) died at the spot and 4(2.63%)
died on the way to hospital.
In the majority, amongst the hospitalized
cases 66(54.97%), treatment were started
between 1-6 hrs. after the incident and in 31(25.40%) victims treatment were started
earlier within 1 hour. In 22(18.03%) victims,
treatment were started after 6-12 of incident
and in - 3(2.45%) cases it was delayed
beyond 1 day.
Summary
This problem is frequent in low or lower middle
class. Many of the victims are in the early
periods of marriage with extensive burns.
Moreover, newly married females are also much
more vulnerable to accidental burn as they, in
their new place at in-laws house, fail to
acclimatize with all sorts of adversities. Though
only few cases of literate women succumbed to
this injury in authors study, yet literacy has little
to do with these injuries as because female
literacy itself as whole is low.
ANNEXURE - I
PROFORMA
OF
RESEARCH
Year
2. Victims Religion:
Caste:
Culture:
3. Husband's Religions
Caste:
Culture:
4. Education of Victim:
Months
Days
Degree
/Any other ......
5. Education of Husband: Illiterate / Primary /Jr.High School / High-School /
Intermediate / Graduate / Post graduate / Professional
Degree /Any other ......
6. Victim's Occupation:
11. Income:
MARITAL HISTORY
14. When did she get married:
15. Whether was she re-married Yes / No
If yes, the position of the previous husbands 16. Age of the:
Victim at the time of marriage
Husband at the time of marriage
17. Husband's marriage First / Second / Third ........
What happened to previous wives,
Give Briefly 18. Whether - Arranged marriage / Love marriage
19. After marriage, whether living together or not If together since how long
If separate, since how long
Frequency of visit if living separate
FAMILY HISTORY:
23. Family:
24. Size of the family
Major members;
Minor members:
25. Whether there is any issue Yes/No
If Yes i) Number of male child;
ii) Number of female child
iii) Number of dead child
26. Whether the children are getting proper development- Yes/No
27.
Children
Sex
Age
Education
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
28. Was ever any suspicious death of women in the family- Yes/No
If Yes - then what was the
i) Natureii) Modeiii)Manneriv) Cause -
CIRCUMSTANTIAL HISTORY;
29. Date and time of Incident:
30. Place of Burn.:
Closed spaces----- Kitchen / bath room / living room / Varandah / corridor
/any other specify
Open space ----- Varandah /roof / field /any other- specify -----31. If Closed space
i) Whether there was any door / window present - Yes/No
ii) If yes, the door could be opened (when locked) - from inside / from outside /
imitated to be locked from inside.
iii) Whether the doors were open / locked from inside / locked from outside /
not locked but shut.
iv) If there were windows their
a) Number -----b) Size -------c) Type
v) Whether the windows were open / closed / closed & bolted from inside /
window shut
Yes/No
35. Whether any other article(s) in and around the body caught fire - Yes/No
If yes - give details 36. Whether any person present in the house at the time of incident - Yes/No
If Yes - i) Number of such person(s)
ii) Their relation with the deceased iii) The distance of the nearest person from the victim at the time of
incident
37. Whether the victims cried and /or screamed - Yes/No
If Yes - i) Natures
ii) Number:
iii) Durations
38. Who did first notice the incident
i) Relation with the victims
ii) What did he/she notice first - fire/smoke/cry/ any other .....
iii) At what state of fire - very high flame/low flame/ no flame/smoke only/any
other ..........
iv) State of victim dead / gasping / deep coma / semi conscious / conscious.
v) What did he / she do a) whether he/she tried to extinguish the fire Yes/No
b) whether he/she informed the policeYes/No
c) whether he/she informed the neighbourYes/No
39. Whether the victim was rescued - Yes/No
If Yes
By whom - Husband/Inlaws/Neighbours/any other people-specify.
give briefly.
- Yes / No / Doubtful
TREATMENT HISTORY
47. Did the victim receive any treatment - Yes / No
If Yes i) first aid alone / hospitalized /any other- specify ii) place of treatment- private clinic / P.H.C./ District hospital /
Medical college hospital / any other
iii) If hospitalized----date and time of admission.
iv) Time interval between incident and the commencement of the
treatment ---Hours ------ Days
If prolonged - give reason v) Duration of treatmentvi) Treatment received- fluids / antibiotics / G.V.paints / skin grafting
/ any other- specifyvii) Duration of survival of the victim48. Place of death spot / way to hospital / in the hospital / any other place / unknown
49. Date and time of death:
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION;
50. External appearances:
i) Whether any clothings present or not,
If present,
a) original / changed
b) whether any tear / blood stain / any other
c) whether any smell of kerosene oil Yes / No
d) clothing intact / burnt / partial burnt
ii) Any other article in the body- Extra piece of cloth / Bangles / ring / chain /
any other
iii) whether any ligature mark on limbs or neck - Yes / No
iv) Other ante mortem injuries abrasion / contusion / laceration / gunshot /
stab wound / fracture.
v) Age of the other ante mortem injuries --- same age / different age
vi) Any evidence of smothering / throttling / hanging / strangulation etc.-Yes / No
vii) Heat effects
a) singeing / burning of hairs.
b) sooty blackening /charring of body.
c) heat rupture
d) heat fracture
e) body cavity exposed
f) pugilistic attitude
Chest
.- Ventral
- Dorsal
R.L.L
-Buttock
- Flexor
-Extensor
Face
Neck
- Ventral
- Dorsal
- Sides
Abdomen
- Ventral
- Dorsal
R.U.L
- Shoulder
- Flexor
- Extensor
L.U.L
- Shoulder
- Flexor
- Extensor
L.L.L
-Buttock
- Flexor
-Extensor
2nd degree
3rd degree
Present
Serous fluid with high
proportion of protein and
and chloride chloride
Inflamed with swollen
papillae
Present
Present
Absent
Air but no protein
Present
Absent
>5 - 10%
The peripheral area of
the heat damage shows
an increase in enzyme
reaction
< 5 - 10%
Peripheral zone
does not show and
increase in enzyme
reaction.
51.INTERNAL APPEARANCE:
i) Exploration of - Injuries discovered on external exam.
- Injuries caused by falling objects.
- Tissue and cartilage of neck and hyoid.
ii) Skull and Braina) Heat fractures of skull bones- present / absent
b) Intracranial haemorrhage & injury - present/absent
If present, then- type
- extra dural
- sub-dural
- sub-arachnoid
- any other.
iii) Respiratory tract (Larynx, Trachea & Bronchi) Normal / congested /
contain soot particles /any other changes
iv) Lunqs (Left & Right) -- Normal / congested / serous effusion / infection
/ other changes.
v) Stomach a) contents
b) soot particles
c) gastric erosions
d) poisons
vi) Curling's ulcer present / absent
vii) Liver normal / congested / other changes
viii) Spleen Normal /congested /other changes
ix) Kidney (Right & Left) -- Normal /congested /other changes
x) Adrenal gland (Right & Left) --xi) Colour of Blood -----xii) Uterus ----Product of conception
52. CAUSE OF DEATH ----