EE 369

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 13
Newton-Raphson Power
Flow
Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick
1

Announcements
Read Chapter 12, concentrating on
sections 12.4 and 12.5.
Homework 11 is 6.43, 6.48, 6.59,
6.61, 12.19, 12.22, 12.20, 12.24,
12.26, 12.28, 12.29; due November
21.

Using the Power Flow:

Example 1
SLA CK345

MVA
A

MVA

1.02 pu

1.02 pu

TI M345

MVA

MVA

SLACK138

1.01 pu

218 MW
54 Mvar

RAY345

MVA

1.03 pu

A
MVA

TI M138

1.00 pu

MVA

16.0 Mvar

1.02 pu

MVA

18 MW
5 Mvar

MVA

MVA

1.02 pu

RAY69

TI M69

PAI 69

1.01 pu

MVA

23 MW
7 Mvar

1.01 pu

37 MW

17 MW
3 Mvar

1.02 pu
A

MVA

33 MW
13 Mvar

Using
case
from
Example
6.13

RA Y138

GROSS69

13 Mvar

MVA

MVA

FERNA69

MVA
A

MVA

MORO138

MVA

HI SKY69

MVA
A

12 MW
5 Mvar

20 MW
8 Mvar

1.00 pu
A

1.00 pu

PETE69

DEMA R69

MVA

HANNAH69
51 MW
15 Mvar

58 MW
40 Mvar
29.0 Mvar

14.3 Mvar

1.00 pu

12.8 Mvar

MVA

MVA

BOB69

140 MW
45 Mvar

MVA

56 MW

MVA

58 MW
36 Mvar

MVA

0.99 pu
A

14 MW
4 Mvar

MVA

A
MVA
MVA

1.01 pu

HALE69

MVA

BLT69

1.01 pu

15 MW
3 Mvar
1.00 pu

BLT138

1.00 pu

LYNN138

33 MW
10 Mvar

MVA

MVA

A MANDA 69

13 Mvar

0 MW
0 Mvar

MVA

0.997 pu

MVA

1.02 pu

MVA

MVA

MVA

BOB138

45 MW
12 Mvar
0.99 pu

UI UC69

HOMER69

WOLEN69

4.8 Mvar

MVA

1.00 pu

1.01 pu

21 MW
7 Mvar

SHI MKO69
7.4 Mvar

1.02 pu
A

MVA
MVA

MVA

106 MW
8 Mvar

15 MW
5 Mvar
A

MVA

36 MW
10 Mvar

A
A

60 MW
12 Mvar

MVA

MVA

MVA

1.00 pu

0.0 Mvar

1.01 pu

MVA

7.2 Mvar

1.00 pu

PATTEN69

MVA
MVA

MVA

1.00 pu

LAUF69

1.02 pu
20 MW
30 Mvar
1.00 pu

MVA

MVA

23 MW
6 Mvar

22 MW
15 Mvar

0 MW
0 Mvar

LAUF138
1.01 pu

45 MW
0 Mvar

WEBER69

1.02 pu
BUCKY138

ROGER69

2 Mvar

14 MW
3 Mvar

MVA

SAVOY69

1.02 pu

42 MW
2 Mvar

J O138

MVA

MVA

14 MW

1.01 pu

MVA

SAVOY138

J O345

150 MW
0 Mvar

MVA

MVA

150 MW
0 Mvar

MVA

1.02 pu

MVA

1.03 pu

Dishonest Newton-Raphson
Since most of the time in the Newton-Raphson
iteration is spent dealing with the Jacobian, one way
to speed up the iterations is to only calculate (and
factorize) the Jacobian occasionally:
known as the Dishonest Newton-Raphson or Shamanskii
method,
an extreme example is to only calculate the Jacobian for
the first iteration, which is called the chord method.

Honest:

x ( v 1) x ( v ) - J ( x ( v ) )-1 f ( x ( v ) )

Dishonest: x ( v 1) x ( v ) - J ( x (0) )-1 f ( x ( v ) )

Stopping criterion f ( x

(v )

) used in both cases.

Dishonest Newton-Raphson
Example

Use the Dishonest Newton-Raphson (chord method)

to solve f ( x ) 0, where:
2

f ( x) x - 2
x

(v)

x ( v )
x ( v 1)

df (0)

(x )
f ( x(v) )
dx

(v) 2

((
x
) - 2)
(0)
2 x
1
(v)
(v) 2
x
((
x
) - 2)
2 x (0)
5

Dishonest N-R Example,

contd
1
( v 1)

(v )

(( x ( v ) )2 - 2)
2 x (0)

Guess x (0) 1. Iteratively solving we get

0
1
2
3
4

x ( v ) (honest)
1
1.5
1.41667
1.41422
1.41422

x ( v ) (dishonest)
1
1.5
1.375
1.429
1.408

We pay a price
in increased
iterations, but
with decreased
computation
per iteration
6

Two Bus Dishonest ROC

Slide shows the region of convergence for
different initial
guesses for the 2 bus case using the Red region
converges
Dishonest N-R

to the high
voltage
solution,
while the
yellow region
converges
to the low
voltage
solution

Honest N-R Region of

Convergence

Maximum
of 15
iterations

Decoupled Power Flow

The completely Dishonest NewtonRaphson (chord) is not usually used for
power flow analysis. However several
approximations of the Jacobian matrix
are used that result in a similar
approximation.
One common method is the decoupled
power flow. In this approach
approximations are used to decouple
the real and reactive power equations.
9

Coupled Newton-Raphson
Update
Standard form of the Newton-Raphson update:

P ( v )

Q ( v )

P ( v )

V
( v )
Q

( v )

P( x ( v ) )
(v)

f
(
x
)

(v)
(v)

Q
(
x

P2 ( x ( v ) ) PD 2 PG 2

(v )
where P( x )
M
.
P (x( v ) ) P P
n
Dn
Gn
Note that changes in angle and voltage magnitude
both affect (couple to) real and reactive power.

10

Decoupling Approximation
P ( v )
Q ( v )
Usually the off-diagonal matrices,
and
V

are small. Therefore we approximate them as zero:

P ( v )

0
( v )
P( x ( v ) )
(v)

f
(
x
)

(v)
(
v
)
(
v
)
Q V
Q( x )
V

Then the update can be decoupled into two separate updates:

(v)

( v ) 1

P(x

(v)

),

(v)

1
(
v
)

Q(x ( v ) ).
11

Off-diagonal Jacobian Terms

So, angle and real power are coupled closely, and
voltage magnitude and reactive power are coupled closely.
Justification for Jacobian approximations:
1. Usually r = x, therefore Gij = Bij
2. Usually ij is small so sin ij 0
Therefore
Pi
Vi Gij cos ij Bij sin ij
Vj
Qi
j

Vi V j Gij cosij Bij sin ij

0
12

Decoupled N-R Region of

Convergence

13

Fast Decoupled Power Flow

By further approximating the Jacobian we
obtain a typically reasonable approximation
that is independent of the voltage
magnitudes/angles.
This means the Jacobian need only be built and
factorized once.
This approach is known as the fast decoupled
power flow (FDPF)
FDPF uses the same mismatch equations as
standard power flow so it should have same
solution if it converges
The FDPF is widely used, particularly when we
only need an approximate solution.
14

FDPF Approximations

The FDPF makes the following approximations:

1.

Gij 0

2.

Vi

3.

sin ij 0

1 (for some occurrences),

cos ij 1

Then: ( v ) B 1diag{| V |( v ) }1 P( x ( v ) ),
V

(v )

B 1diag{| V |( v ) }1 Q( x ( v ) )

Where B is just the imaginary part of the Ybus G bus jB bus ,

except the slack bus row/column are omitted. That is,
B is B bus , but with the slack bus row and column deleted.
Sometimes approximate diag{| V |( v ) } by identity.

15

FDPF Three Bus Example

Use the FDPF to solve the following three bus
Line Z = j0.07

One

Two

Line Z = j0.05

Three

Line Z = j0.1

200 MW
100 MVR

1.000 pu

200 MW
100 MVR

Ybus

20
34.3 14.3
j 14.3 24.3 10

10
30
20
16

FDPF Three Bus Example,

contd
Ybus
B 1

20
34.3 14.3
24.3 10

j 14.3 24.3 10 B

10

30

10
30
20
0.0477 0.0159

0.0159

0.0389

Iteratively solve, starting with an initial voltage guess

2

3

(0)

2

3

(1)

0

0

V 2
V
3

(0)

0 0.0477 0.0159



0

0.0159

0.0389

1
1

0.1272
2

0.1091

17

FDPF Three Bus Example,

contd
V 2
V
3

(1)

0.9364
1 0.0477 0.0159
1

1 0.0159 0.0389
1 0.9455

Pi ( x ) n
P PGi
Vk (Gik cos ik Bik sin ik ) Di
Vi
Vi
k 1
2

3
V 2
V
3

(2)

0.1272

0.1091

(2)

0.0477 0.0159

0.0159 0.0389

0.151 0.1361

0.107

0.1156

0.924

0.936

0.1384
Actual solution:

0.1171

0.9224

V
0.9338

18

FDPF Region of
Convergence

19

DC Power Flow
The DC power flow makes the most
severe approximations:
completely ignore reactive power, assume all
the voltages are always 1.0 per unit, ignore
line conductance

This makes the power flow a linear set of

equations, which can be solved directly:
B 1 P
20

DC Power Flow Example

21

DC Power Flow 5 Bus Example

One
360 MW
0 Mvar

Five

Four

MVA

Three

MVA

520 MW

MVA

0 Mvar

slack

1.000 pu
0.000 Deg

1.000 pu
-4.125 Deg

MVA

MVA

1.000 pu
-18.695 Deg

1.000 pu
-1.997 Deg

80 MW
0 Mvar
1.000 pu
0.524 Deg

Two

800 MW
0 Mvar

Notice with the dc power flow all of the voltage magnitudes are
1 per unit.

22

Power System Control

A major problem with power system operation
is the limited capacity of the transmission
system
lines/transformers have limits (usually thermal)
no direct way of controlling flow down a
transmission line (e.g., there are no low cost valves
to close to limit flow, except on and off)
open transmission system access associated with
industry restructuring is stressing the system in new
ways

We need to indirectly control transmission line

flow by changing the generator outputs.
23

Indirect Transmission Line

Control

What we would like to determine is how a cha

generation at bus k affects the power flow on
from bus i to bus j.
The assumption is
that the change
in generation is
absorbed by the
slack bus

24

Power Flow Simulation Before

One way to determine the impact of a generator
change is to compare a before/after power flow.
For example below is a three bus case with an
overload.
131.9 MW

124%
One
200.0 MW
71.0 MVR

Two
68.1 MW

68.1 MW

200 MW
100 MVR

Z for all lines = j0.1

Three

1.000 pu
0 MW
64 MVR

25

Power Flow Simulation After

Increasing the generation at bus 3 by

95 MW (and hence decreasing
generation at the slack bus 1 by a
corresponding amount), results in a
31.3 MW drop in the MW flow on the
100%
line from bus 1 to 2.
101.6 MW

One
105.0 MW
64.3 MVR

Two
3.4 MW

Z for all lines = j0.1

Limit for all lines = 150 MVA
Three

98.4 MW

200 MW
100 MVR

92%
1.000 pu
95 MW
64 MVR

26

Analytic Calculation of
Calculating Sensitivities
control sensitivities by repeated power
flow solutions is tedious and would require many
power flow solutions.
An alternative approach is to analytically calculate
these values

The power flow from bus i to bus j is

Pij

Vi V j

So Pij

X ij

i j
sin( i j )
X ij

i j
X ij

We just need to get

ij
PGk
27

Analytic Sensitivities

From the fast decoupled power flow we know: B P(x ).

Sign convention in definition of P( x ) is that entry in P( x )
is negative if change in net injection (generation) is positive.
So to get the change in due to a change of generation at
bus k , just set P( x ) equal to all zeros except a minus one
at position k :

0
M

1 For 1MW increase in generation at bus k
0

M

28

Three Bus Sensitivity

Example
For the previous three bus case with Z j0.1
line

20 10 10
20 10

Ybus j 10 20 10 B

10

20

10 10 20
Hence for a change of generation at bus 3
2

20 10

10

20

0.0333
0
1 0.0667

0.0667 0
Changes in line flows are: P3 to 1
0.667 pu
0.1
P3 to 2 0.333 pu
P 2 to 1 0.333 pu
29