Part 21

Aircraft Certification
&
Type Certificates

IA Seminar 3/9/13

Federal Aviation
Administration

Overview

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Objectives
Identify what the Aircraft Certification Service (AIR) is and
the roll the organization plays in aircraft maintenance.
Identify what type design data is.
Characteristics of a Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS).
Identify some of the key documents that make up
Continued Airworthiness data, i.e., limitations, maintenance
manuals, and their changes.

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Objectives, cont.
Define Airworthiness and how it plays a roll in the IAs
world.
Recognize the categories of TCs and general
requirements that must be met for their issuance.
How TCs relate to airworthiness certificates.

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Aircraft Certification Service

(AIR)

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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FAA Regions Boundaries

Flight Standards Regions

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Directorate Boundaries

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Interconnected

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Airworthiness
Part 21.1 defines airworthiness
approval as:
a document issued by the FAA for an
aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or
article which certifies that the aircraft,
aircraft engine, propeller or article
conforms to its approved design and is
in a condition for safe operation.
Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Standard Airworthiness Certificate

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION-FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

STANDARD AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE

NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION MARKS

AUTHORITY AND BASIS FOR ISSUANCE

MANUFACTURER AND MODEL

AIRCRAFT SERIAL
NUMBER

CATEGORY

This airworthiness certificate is issued pursuant to the 49 U.S.C. 44704 and certifies that, as of the date of issuance, the aircraft to
which issued has been inspected and found to conform to the type certificate therefore, to be in condition for safe operation, and has
been shown to meet the requirements of the applicable comprehensive and detailed airworthiness code as provided by Annex 8 to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation, except as noted herein.
Exceptions:

6 TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Unless sooner surrendered, suspended, revoked, or a termination date is otherwise established by the FAA, this airworthiness certificate is effective as long as the maintenance, preventative maintenance, and alterations are performed in accordance with Parts 21, 43,
and 91 of the Federal Aviation Regulations, as appropriate, and the aircraft is registered in the United States.

DATE OF ISSUANCE

FAA REPRESENTATIVE

DESIGNATION NUMBER

Any iteration, reproduction, or misuse of this certificate may be punishable by a fine not exceeding $1,000 or imprisonment not exceeding 3 years or both. THIS CERTIFICATE MUST BE DISPLAYED IN THE AIRCRAFT IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE
FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS.

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Airworthiness Links
Standard Airworthiness Certificates
states:
This airworthiness certificate is
effective as long as the maintenance,
preventive maintenance, and
alterations are preformed in
accordance with parts 21, 43, 91
Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Part 21, 43, 91 Connection

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION-FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

STANDARD AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE

NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION MARKS

MANUFACTURER AND MODEL

AIRCRAFT SERIAL
NUMBER

CATEGORY

5 AUTHORITY AND BASIS FOR ISSUANCE

This airworthiness certificate is issued pursuant to the 49 U.S.C. 44704 and certifies that, as of the date of issuance, the aircraft to which issued has been inspected and found to conform to the type certificate therefore, to be in condition for safe
operation, and has been shown to meet the requirements of the applicable comprehensive and detailed airworthiness code as provided by Annex 8 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, except as noted herein.
Exceptions:

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Unless sooner surrendered, suspended, revoked, or a termination date is otherwise established by the
FAA, this airworthiness certificate is effective as long as the maintenance, preventative maintenance,
and alterations are performed in accordance with Parts 21, 43, and 91 of the Federal Aviation
Regulations, as appropriate, and the aircraft is registered in the United States.
DATE OF ISSUANCE

FAA REPRESENTATIVE

DESIGNATION NUMBER

Any iteration, reproduction, or misuse of this certificate may be punishable by a fine not exceeding $1,000 or imprisonment not exceeding 3 years or both. THIS CERTIFICATE MUST BE DISPLAYED IN THE AIRCRAFT IN ACCORDANCE WITH
APPLICABLE FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS.

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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What does this have to do with IAs?

CFR Part 65.95
Privileges and Limitations:
Gives the IA the authority to inspect and
approve for return to service any aircraft
or related part or appliance after a major
repair or major alteration to it, in
accordance with Part 43.
Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Return to Service Statements

CFR Part 43 gives the IA the authority to
make Return to Service Statements.
These statements attest to conformity.

What is Conformity?

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Definition Of The Term Airworthy for U.S. Type-Certificated (TC) Aircraft. Although
the term airworthy is defined in 14 CFR 3.5(a), a clear understanding of its meaning is
essential for use in the FAAs airworthiness certification program. Below is a summary of the
conditions necessary for the issuance of an airworthiness certificate. A review of case law
relating to airworthiness reveals two conditions that must be met for an aircraft to be
considered airworthy. Title 49, United States Code (49 U.S.C.) 44704(c) and 14 CFR
21.183(a), (b), and (c) state that the following two conditions necessary for issuance of an
airworthiness certificate:

a. The aircraft must conform to its type design. Conformity to the type
design is
considered attained when the aircraft configuration and the engine, propeller, and articles
installed are consistent with the drawings, specifications, and other data that are part of the
TC. This includes any supplemental type certificate (STC) and repairs and alterations
incorporated into the aircraft.

b. The aircraft must be in a condition for safe operation. This refers to the condition of
the aircraft relative to wear and deterioration, for example, skin corrosion, window
delamination/crazing, fluid leaks, and tire wear.

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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It all Start Here

The Birth Certificate of an

Aircraft

Type Certificate Data Sheet

(TCDS)

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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21.41, Type Certificates

A type certificate is issued upon FAA approval of
Applicant design documentation for aircraft, engine, or
propeller.
The TC includes:
Type Design
(including the
flight manual
containing
operating
limitations,
instructions, and
other data)

Design Approval; New TCs

Limitati
ons that

TC Data
Sheet
Airworthine
ss &
Environmen
tal
Requiremen
ts

the FAA
imposes on
the
certificate

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Design Approval; New TCs

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Administration

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21.31, Type Design

to define
21.31, Type design includes technical data
an approved configuration and allow for its
reproducibility

Design Approval;
222

New TCs

Design
data
may
change,
but it must
undergo
FAA
approval

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Changes in Type Design

Changes in type design may be due
to:
Product improvements
Tooling changes
Usage Changes

Change Requires
Some type of FAA engineering approval
Submission of revised/changed data
Design Approval; New TCs

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Administration

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More About TCs

Eligibility, 21.13 Any interested person
Privileges, 21.45 May obtain:
Airworthiness Certificates;
Approval for Installation;
A Production Certificate, including approval of
replacement parts
Responsibilities,
21.3 Report malfunctions, failures and defects
21.49 Make the TC available to FAA & NTSB
21.99 Make design changes to correct unsafe
conditions
Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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21.50, Instructions for Continued

Airworthiness
Requires FAA approval
ICA
Airworthin
ess
Limitations
Section

Design Approval;
225

FAA can impose

limitations in
interest of safety

(Typically
in
Maintenan Chapters 4 or 5
ce
Manuals)

New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Changes to Airworthiness
Limitations
Airworthin
ess
Limitations
Section
Design Approval Holder must provide
changes to owners and make them
available to repair stations, etc.
[21.50(b)]

Design Approval;
226

New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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TC Categories
Standard
Primary
Restricted
Surplus military
Import Products

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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21.21, Standard US TC
21.21, Issue of TC for Normal, Utility, Acrobatic,
Commuter, Transport Aircraft; Manned Free Balloons;
Special Classes of Aircraft; Aircraft Engines; Propellers
The applicant who meets the requirements of either
subparagraphs (a) or (b) is entitled to a TC

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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21.24, Primary Category: Purpose

A means to create a source of simple, relatively
inexpensive, aircraft for recreational flying through

Simpler certification standards

Streamlined process

Means for owner to perform certain preventative

maintenance

Not for carrying people or property for compensation or

hire

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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21.21 & 21.24 Compared

What

21.21

21.24

Engines & propellers

TCd separately

TCd as part of aircraft

Certification Basis

Rigid

Some flexibility

Showing & finding of Requires proposed

type design,
compliance:
detailed
substantiating
data, and
statement of
compliance

Requires certifying
statement of compliance
& summary report

Regardless of the process, the FAA may still review data at its
discretion
Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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21.25, Restricted Category

Special purpose operations, such as:
Agricultural
Forest and wildlife conservation
Aerial surveying
Patrolling
Weather control
Aerial advertising
Operation specified by FAA
Two avenues for type certification
Civil; purpose-built21.25(a)(1)
Surplus U.S. military21.25(a)(2)
Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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21.25(a)(1) & (a)(2) Compared

Under 21.25(a)(1)

Under 21.25(a)(2)

Must meet airworthiness

Accepted for use by the
requirements of a
military and found
standard category,
acceptable
Exception: Those
for
civilian use as
modified
inappropriate for the
special
and with appropriate
purpose
limitations
Have no feature or characteristic that makes it
unsafe
when operated within its prescribed limitations
Meet noise standards of 14 CFR 36
art
P
I
(exception: special purpose)
21
Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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21.27, Surplus Military

Specifies the type certification of surplus aircraft of the
U.S. Armed Forces
No type
certificated
civil
counterpart?
21.27(a), allows surplus military
aircraft to be type certificated to
the airworthiness standards in the
table contained in 21.27(f)

Design Approval; New TCs

Does have a
type
certificated
civil
counterpart?
21.27(b), allows these surplus
military aircraft to be type
certificated to the standards for
that counterpart

Federal Aviation
Administration

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21.29, Import Products

Focuses on products
manufactured in a country
with an agreement (BAA or
BASA) with the US

FCAA

FAA

Our approval is
dependent upon the
FCAAs
Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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Objectives Review

Design Approval; New TCs

Federal Aviation
Administration

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