Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
PowerPoint Authors:
Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA
Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA
Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA
Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Learning Objective 1
10-2
10-3
10-5
$45
$45 per
per month
month 88 months
months
$24,000
$24,000 cost
cost $10,000
$10,000 salvage
salvage value
value 5 years
10-7
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
$ 0.026
$
104
????
$
40
????
????
$
25
10-8
10-13
Current
Situation
$
200,000
Situation
With New
Machine
$
200,000
Differential
Costs and
Benefits
-
70,000
40,000
10,000
120,000
80,000
70,000
25,000
10,000
105,000
95,000
15,000
15,000
62,000
62,000
18,000
62,000
3,000
65,000
30,000
(3,000)
(3,000)
12,000
10-14
Situation
With New
Machine
$
200,000
Differential
Costs and
Benefits
15,000
15,000
(3,000)
(3,000)
12,000
10-15
Learning Objective 2
Prepare an analysis
showing whether a
product line or other
business segment should
be added or dropped.
10-17
Adding/Dropping Segments
One of the most important
decisions managers make
is whether to add or drop a
business segment.
Ultimately, a decision to
drop an old segment or add
a new one is going to hinge
primarily on the impact the
decision will have on net
operating income.
To assess this
impact, it is
necessary to
carefully analyze
the costs.
10-18
Adding/Dropping Segments
Due to the declining popularity of digital
watches, Lovell Companys digital
watch line has not reported a profit for
several years. Lovell is considering
discontinuing this product line.
10-19
Adding/Dropping Segments
Segment Income Statement
Digital Watches
Sales
Less: variable expenses
Variable manufacturing costs
Variable shipping costs
Commissions
Contribution margin
Less: fixed expenses
General factory overhead
Salary of line manager
Depreciation of equipment
Advertising - direct
Rent - factory space
General admin. expenses
Net operating loss
$ 500,000
$ 120,000
5,000
75,000
$ 60,000
90,000
50,000
100,000
70,000
30,000
200,000
$ 300,000
400,000
$ (100,000)
10-21
Adding/Dropping Segments
Segment Income Statement
Digital Watches
Sales
$ 500,000
Less:
variable
expenses
An
investigation
has
An
investigation
has revealed
revealed that
that the
the fixed
fixed
Variable
manufacturing
costs and
$ 120,000
general
factory
overhead
fixed
general
general
factory
overhead
and
fixed
general
Variable shipping costs
5,000
administrative
be
by
administrative expenses
expenses will
will not
not
be affected
affected
by
Commissions
75,000
200,000
dropping
digital
Contribution
margin
$ 300,000
dropping the
the
digital watch
watch line.
line. The
The fixed
fixed general
general
Less:
fixed expenses
factory
overhead
factory
overhead and
and general
general administrative
administrative
General factory overhead
$ 60,000
expenses
assigned
to
this
product
would be
expenses
Salary
of line assigned
manager to this product
90,000 would be
reallocated
to
lines.
reallocated
to other
other product
product
lines.
Depreciation
of equipment
50,000
Advertising - direct
100,000
Rent - factory space
70,000
General admin. expenses
30,000
400,000
Net operating loss
$ (100,000)
10-22
Adding/Dropping Segments
Segment Income Statement
Digital Watches
Sales
$ 500,000
Less: variable expenses
The
used
to
The equipment
equipment
usedcosts
to manufacture
manufacture
Variable
manufacturing
$ 120,000
digital
watches
has
Variable
shipping
costs
5,000
digital
watches
has no
no resale
resale
Commissions
200,000
value
value or
or alternative
alternative use.
use. 75,000
Contribution margin
$ 300,000
Less: fixed expenses
General factory overhead
$ 60,000
Salary of line manager
90,000
Should
retain
Should Lovell
Lovell
retain or
or drop
drop
Depreciation of equipment
50,000
Advertising - direct the
100,000segment?
the digital
digital watch
watch
segment?
Rent - factory space
70,000
General admin. expenses
30,000
400,000
Net operating loss
$ (100,000)
10-23
$ (300,000)
260,000
$ (40,000)
RRe
ettaai
inn
10-24
10-25
contribution
contribution margin.
margin.
10-26
10-31
10-32
10-33
Learning Objective 3
10-34
10-35
Direct materials
Direct labor
Variable overhead
Depreciation of special equip.
Supervisor's salary
General factory overhead
Unit product cost
9
5
1
3
2
10
$ 30
10-36
no resale value.
The total amount of general factory overhead, which is
allocated on the basis of direct labor-hours, would be
unaffected by this decision.
The $30 unit product cost is based on 20,000 parts
produced each year.
An outside supplier has offered to provide the 20,000
parts at a cost of $25 per part.
Should
Should we
we accept
accept the
the suppliers
suppliers offer?
offer?
10-37
The
The depreciation
depreciation of
of the
the special
special equipment
equipment represents
represents aa sunk
sunk
cost.
cost. The
The equipment
equipment has
has no
no resale
resale value,
value, thus
thus its
its cost
cost and
and
associated
associated depreciation
depreciation are
are irrelevant
irrelevant to
to the
the decision.
decision.
10-39
Not
Not avoidable;
avoidable; irrelevant.
irrelevant. IfIf the
the product
product is
is
dropped,
dropped, itit will
will be
be reallocated
reallocated to
to other
other products.
products.
10-40
Opportunity Cost
An opportunity cost is the benefit that is
foregone as a result of pursuing some course
of action.
Opportunity costs are not actual cash outlays
and are not recorded in the formal accounts of
an organization.
How would this concept potentially relate to
the Essex Company?
10-42
Learning Objective 4
Prepare an analysis
showing whether a
special order should be
accepted.
10-43
Special Orders
10-45
Special Orders
$8 variable cost
10-46
Special Orders
If Jet accepts the special order, the incremental revenue
will exceed the incremental costs. In other words, net
operating income will increase by $6,000. This suggests
that Jet should accept the order.
Increase
Increase
Increase
$ 30,000
24,000
$ 6,000
Quick Check
Northern Optical ordinarily sells the X-lens for $50. The
variable production cost is $10, the fixed production cost
is $18 per unit, and the variable selling cost is $1. A
customer has requested a special order for 10,000 units
of the X-lens to be imprinted with the customers logo.
This special order would not involve any selling costs, but
Northern Optical would have to purchase an imprinting
machine for $50,000.
(see the next page)
10-48
Quick Check
What is the rock bottom minimum price below which
Northern Optical should not go in its negotiations with the
customer? In other words, below what price would
Northern Optical actually be losing money on the sale?
There is ample idle capacity to fulfill the order and the
imprinting machine has no further use after this order.
a. $50
b. $10
c. $15
d. $29
10-49
Quick Check
What is the rock bottom minimum price below which
Northern Optical should not go in its negotiations with the
customer? In other words, below what price would
Northern Optical actually be losing money on the sale?
There is ample idle capacity to fulfill the order and the
imprinting machine has no further use after this order.
a. $50
b. $10
c. $15
d. $29
$100,000
+ 50,000
$150,000
10,000
$15
10-50
Learning Objective 5
10-51
Utilization of a Constrained
Resource
Fixed costs are usually unaffected in these situations,
10-53
10-54
Should
Should Ensign
Ensign focus
focus its
its efforts
efforts on
on
Product
Product 11 or
or Product
Product 2?
2?
10-55
Quick Check
How many units of each product can be
processed through Machine A1 in one minute?
Product 1
a.
b.
c.
d.
1 unit
1 unit
2 units
2 units
Product 2
0.5 unit
2.0 units
1.0 unit
0.5 unit
10-56
Quick Check
How many units of each product can be
processed through Machine A1 in one minute?
Product 1
a.
b.
c.
d.
1 unit
1 unit
2 units
2 units
Product 2
0.5 unit
2.0 units
1.0 unit
0.5 unit
10-57
Quick Check
What generates more profit for the company, using one
minute of machine A1 to process Product 1 or using one
minute of machine A1 to process Product 2?
a. Product 1
b. Product 2
c. They both would generate the same profit.
d. Cannot be determined.
10-58
Quick Check
What generates more profit for the company, using one
minute of machine A1 to process Product 1 or using one
minute of machine A1 to process Product 2?
a. Product 1
b. Product 2
c. They both would generate the same profit.
With one
of machine A1, Ensign could
d. Cannot
beminute
determined.
Utilization of a Constrained
Resource
Utilization of a Constrained
Resource
Ensign
Ensign can
can maximize
maximize its
its contribution
contribution margin
margin
by
by first
first producing
producing Product
Product 22 to
to meet
meet customer
customer
demand
demand and
and then
then using
using any
any remaining
remaining
capacity
capacity to
to produce
produce Product
Product 1.
1. The
The
calculations
calculations would
would be
be performed
performed as
as follows.
follows.
10-61
Utilization of a Constrained
Resource
Lets see how this plan would work.
10-62
Utilization of a Constrained
Resource
Lets see how this plan would work.
10-63
Utilization of a Constrained
Resource
Lets see how this plan would work.
10-64
Utilization of a Constrained
Resource
Product 1
1,300
$
24
$ 31,200
Product 2
2,200
$
15
$ 33,000
Learning Objective 6
10-66
Quick Check
Colonial Heritage makes reproduction colonial
furniture from select hardwoods.
Chairs
Selling price per unit
$80
Variable cost per unit
$30
Board feet per unit
2
Monthly demand
600
Tables
$400
$200
10
100
Quick Check
Colonial Heritage makes reproduction colonial
furniture from select hardwoods.
Chairs
Selling price per unit
$80
Variable cost per unit
$30
Board feet per unit
2
Monthly demand
600
Tables
$400
$200
10
100
Quick Check
Chairs
Selling price per unit
$80
Variable cost per unit
$30
Board feet per unit
2
Monthly demand
600
Tables
$400
$200
10
100
Quick Check
Chairs
Selling price per unit
$80
Variable cost per
unit price
$30
Selling
Board feet per unit
Variable cost2
Monthly demand
600
Tables
Chairs Tables
$400
$200
$ 80 $ 400
10 30
200
100
Contribution margin $
Board feet
The companys supplier
of hardwood will
CM per board foot
$
50 $ 200
2
10
only
25 $ 20
10-72
Quick Check
As before, Colonial Heritages supplier of hardwood
will only be able to supply 2,000 board feet this
month. Assume the company follows the plan we
have proposed. Up to how much should Colonial
Heritage be willing to pay above the usual price to
obtain more hardwood?
a. $40 per board foot
b. $25 per board foot
c. $20 per board foot
d. Zero
10-73
Quick Check
As
before,
Colonialwood
Heritages
supplier
of hardwood
The
additional
would
be used
to make
will only
be able
to supply
this
tables.
In this
use, 2,000
eachboard
boardfeet
foot
of
month. Assume the company follows the plan we
additional wood will allow the company to earn
have proposed. Up to how much should Colonial
an additional
$20
contribution
margin
and
Heritage
be willing
to of
pay
above the usual
price to
obtain more hardwood?profit.
a. $40 per board foot
b. $25 per board foot
c. $20 per board foot
d. Zero
10-74
Managing Constraints
It is often possible for a manager to increase the capacity of
a bottleneck, which is called relaxing (or elevating) the
constraint, in numerous ways such as:
1. Working overtime on the bottleneck.
2. Subcontracting some of the processing that would be done
at the bottleneck.
3. Investing in additional machines at the bottleneck.
4. Shifting workers from non-bottleneck processes to the
bottleneck.
5. Focusing business process improvement efforts on the
bottleneck.
6. Reducing defective units processed through the bottleneck.
These methods and ideas are all consistent with the Theory
of Constraints, which was introduced in Chapter 1.
10-75
Learning Objective 7
Prepare an analysis
showing whether joint
products should be sold
at the split-off point or
processed further.
10-76
Joint Costs
In some industries, a number of end
Joint Products
Oil
Joint
Input
Common
Production
Process
Gasoline
Chemicals
Split-Off
Point
For example,
in the petroleum
refining industry,
a large number
of products are
extracted from
crude oil,
including
gasoline, jet fuel,
home heating oil,
lubricants,
asphalt, and
various organic
chemicals.
10-78
Joint Products
Joint costs
are incurred
up to the
split-off point
Joint
Input
Common
Production
Process
Oil
Gasoline
Chemicals
Split-Off
Point
Separate
Processing
Final
Sale
Final
Sale
Separate
Processing
Separate
Product
Costs
Final
Sale
10-79
Sawmill,
Sawmill, Inc.,
Inc., cuts
cuts logs
logs from
from which
which unfinished
unfinished
lumber
lumber and
and sawdust
sawdust are
are the
the immediate
immediate joint
joint
products.
products.
Unfinished
Unfinished lumber
lumber is
is sold
sold as
as is
is or
or processed
processed
further
further into
into finished
finished lumber.
lumber.
Sawdust
Sawdust can
can also
also be
be sold
sold as
as is
is to
to gardening
gardening
wholesalers
wholesalers or
or processed
processed further
further into
into prestoprestologs.
logs.
10-81
Per Log
Lumber
Sawdust
$
140
$
40
270
176
50
50
24
20
10-82
10-83
270
140
130
50
80
Sawdust
50
40
10
20
(10)
10-84
270
140
130
50
80
Sawdust
50
40
10
20
(10)
End of Chapter 10
10-86