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SYSTEM
Michelle EncarnacionFlores,RN,MAN
Function of G I system
4
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
A & P of GI system
GI tract
GI tract
Function:
DIGESTION
2.
Types:
a. Mechanical digestion: all movements of
alimentary tract that:
a) Change physical state of foods
b) Propel food along the alimentary tract
1) Deglutination: swallowing
2) Peristalsis: wavelike movements that
squeeze food downward in the tract
3) Sequential contractions: movements that
mix intestinal contents with digestive juices
b. Chemical digestion: series of hydrolytic
processes dependent on specific enzymes; an
additional substance may be necessary to act as
a catalyst to facilitate the process
ABSORPTION
1.
2.
3.
METABOLISM
A.
B.
C.
GI tract
Nerve Supply
Mouth
Function:
E.
F.
ESOPHAGUS
A.
B.
C.
D.
Esophagus
Stomach
STOMACH
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Stomach
Function:
3 MAJOR DIVISION
CARDIA
FUNDUS
CORPUS OR BODY
PYLORUS
STOMACH
E.
Divisions
1.
2.
3.
F.
Sphincters
1.
2.
STOMACH
G.
2.
3.
4.
Cells
1. Chief/ Zymogenic cells secrets
a.) Gastric amylase - digest CHO
b.) Gastric lipase digest fats
c.) Pepsin CHON
d.) Rennin digests milk products
2. Parietal / Argentaffin / oxyntic cells
Function:
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
3 main functions:
sucrase
Help to digest, CHO, proteins and lipids
Small intestine
Large Intestine
Function:
VERMIFORM APPENDIX
A.
B.
GALLBLADDER
A.
B.
C.
Liver
largest gland - Occupies most of right
hypochondriac region
Color: scarlet red
-Covered by a fibrous capsule Glissons
capsule
- Functional unit liver lobules
Function:
1.Produces bile
Bile emulsifies fats - Composed of H2O & bile
salts -Gives color to urine urobilin . Stool
stircobilin
2. Detoxifies drugs
3. Promotes synthesis of vit A, D, E, K - fat soluble
vitamins
-Hypevitaminosis vit D & K
-Vit A retinol Def Vit A night blindness
-Vit D cholecalciferon - Helps calcium Rickets,osteoarthritis
LIVER
A.
B.
C.
PANCREAS
A.
Structure
1.
2.
b.
PANCREAS
B.
Functions
1.
2.
PANCREAS
b.
2)
Nursing Assessment
P- precipitating
Q-quality- how intense, severe, type
R-region or radiation
S- severity scale- 0-10
T-timing- when did it first occur, duration and frequency
PANCREAS
b.
Beta cells
3)
4)
5)
DIETS
Clear liquid
Full liquid diet
Low fat,chole
Na restricted
Inc roughage,fiber
Inc protien
Assessment Abdomen
Phenylketonuria
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
PEPTIC ULCER
DISEASE (PUD)
CANCER OF THE
STOMACH
CHOLELITHIASIS/
CHOLECYSTITIS
ACUTE
PANCREATITIS
CANCER OF THE
PANCREAS
NURSING CARE OF
PATIENTS WITH
ALTERATIONS IN THE GI
TRACT
3.
4.
5.
6.
HEPATITIS
HEPATIC
CIRRHOSIS
CANCER OF THE
LIVER
APPENDICITIS
IBD REGIONAL
ENTERITIS
(CROHNS DISEASE
IBD ULCERATIVE
COLITIS
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
INTESTINAL
OBSTRUCTION
DIVERTICULAR
DISEASE
CANCER OF THE
SMALL INTESTINE,
COLON, OR
RECTUM
PERITONITIS
HEMORRHOIDS
HERNIAS
Husni Rousan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Clinical Manifestations
Pain (from dull to throbbing )
Debilitating pain radiated to the ears,
teeth, neck muscle & facial sinuses
Restricted jaw motion & clicking
Difficulty chewing & swallowing
Depression may accompany
Husni Rousan
1.
2.
3.
4.
Management
Patient education in stress
Management
Range of motion exercises
Pain Management (NSAID)
Muscle relaxant &/or mild
antidepressant
Husni Rousan
Parotitis
54
1.
2.
3.
4.
Clinical Manifestations
Fever & red shiny skin
The gland swells ,tense ,&tender
Pain felt in ear
Swollen gland interfere with swallowing
Husni Rousan
Parotitis
55
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Medical Management
Preventive Measures (dental care, oral
hygiene, adequate fluid& nutrition ,&
D/C of medication that may diminished
salivary secretion)
Antibiotics for infection
Analgesic for pain
Drainage of gland
Parotidectomy
Husni Rousan
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Achalasia
57
Treatment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
58
Conditions of the
Upper GI Tract
59
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease (GERD)
1. Definition
1.
GERD common, affecting 15 20%
of adults
2.
Because of location near other
organs symptoms may mimic other
illnesses including heart problems
3.
Gastroesophageal reflux is the
backward flow of gastric content
into the esophagus.
Husni Rousan
60
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease (GERD)
2.
Pathophysiology
a.
Gastroesophageal reflux results from
transient relaxation or incompetence of lower
esophageal sphincter, sphincter, or increased
pressure within stomach
b. Factors contributing to Gastroesophageal
reflux
1.Increased gastric volume (post meals)
2.Position pushing gastric contents close to
Gastroesophageal juncture (such as bending or
lying down)
3.Increased gastric pressure (obesity or
tight clothing)
4.Hiatal hernia
Husni Rousan
61
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease (GERD)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Manifestations
Heartburn after meals, while
bending over, or recumbent
Dyspepsia or indigestion
May have regurgitation of sour
materials in mouth, pain with
swallowing
Atypical chest pain
Sore throat with hoarseness
Husni Rousan
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Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease (GERD)
6. Diagnostic Tests
a. Barium swallow (evaluation of
esophagus, stomach, small
intestine)
b. Upper endoscopy: direct
visualization; biopsies may be done
c. 24-hour ambulatory pH
monitoring
Husni Rousan
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease (GERD)
63
7.
Medications
a. Antacids for mild to moderate symptoms,
e.g. Maalox, Mylanta, Gaviscon
b. H2-receptor blockers: decrease acid
production; given BID or more often, e.g.
cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine
c. Proton-pump inhibitors: reduce gastric
secretions, promote healing of esophageal
erosion and relieve symptoms, e.g.
omeprazole (prilosec); lansoprazole
d. Promotility agent: enhances esophageal
clearance and gastric emptying
Husni Rousan
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Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease (GERD)
Dietary and Lifestyle Management
65
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease (GERD)
9. Surgery indicated for persons not
improved by diet and life style changes
a. Laparoscopic procedures to tighten
lower esophageal sphincter
b. Open surgical procedure: fundoplication
10. Nursing Care
a. Pain usually controlled by treatment
b. Assist client to institute home plan
Husni Rousan
Hiatal Hernia
Hiatal Hernia
67
1. Definition
Part of stomach protrudes through the
esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
into thoracic cavity
Types
1.
Sliding hiatal herni
2.
Paraesophageal hiatal hernia:
( hernia can become strangulated; client
may develop gastritis with bleeding)
Husni Rousan
Hiatal Hernia
68
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
Treatment
HIATAL HERNIA(Diaphragmatic
Hernia)
A portion of stomach is herniated through esophageal hiatus of
the diaphragm
Heart burn/pyrosis common complain
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Portion of the stomach protruding through hiatus (opening) in
the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity
May result from a congenital weakness of diaphragm or from
injury, pregnancy, obesity
Function of the cardiac sphincter is lost, gastric juices enter the
esophagus causing inflammation
Lab: Endoscopy reveals herniation
Nsg Alert: UPRIGHT position aftermeals
Avoid bending
small frequent feeding
avoid anticholinergic drug and coughing
75
Husni Rousan
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Husni Rousan
Diverticulum
77
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
It is an outpouching of mucosa&
submucosa that protrudes through a
weak portion of the musculature
Clinical Manifestations
Diverticulum
78
1.
2.
3.
Management
Diverticulectomy &myoectomy for
muscle
NPO until x-ray show no leakage at
surgical site
During O.P. avoid trauma to carotid
artery and jugular vein
Husni Rousan
UGI Bleeding
Gastric Erosions
NSAIDs
Stress:
Serious trauma
Extensive burns
Major surgery
Alcohol abuse
UGI Bleeding
Malignancy
Malignant:
Esophageal cancer
Benign:
Leiomyoma
UGI Malignancy
Lower GI Bleeds
Four most common causes of LGI bleeds
vascular ectasias
colonic diverticuli
neoplasm
internal hemorrhoids
radiation-induced
injury
diversion colitis
mesenteric venous
thrombosis
small bowel diverticuli
Dieulafoy lesion
vasculitis
long-distance running
endometriosis
Significant recurrence
Perforation
86
1.
2.
3.
Clinical Manifestations
Persistent pain followed by dysphagia
Infection ,fever ,& leukocytosis
May sign of Pnuemothorax
Husni Rousan
Perforation
87
1.
2.
3.
4.
Management
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Nasogastric tube & suctioning
NPO total parenteral nutrition
gastrostomy
Closed the wound &post op
management
Husni Rousan
Gastritis
88
Gastritis
89
Husni Rousan
Gastritis
90
Treatment
As a rule the patient recover in a day
NPO status to rest GI tract for 6 12 hours,
reintroduce clear liquids gradually and
progress; intravenous fluid and electrolytes
if indicated
b. antacids If gastritis from corrosive
substance: immediate dilution and removal
of substance by gastric lavage (washing out
stomach contents via nasogastric tube),
If extreme condition Gastrojejunostomy or
gastric resection
Husni Rousan
Gastritis
91
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nursing Management
Reducing anxiety
Promoting optimal nutrition
Promoting fluid balance
Relieving pain
Chronic Gastritis
Progressive disorder beginning with
superficial inflammation and leads to
atrophy of gastric tissues (prolong Gastritis)
Husni Rousan
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Husni Rousan
Predisposing factors:
1. Hereditary
2. Emotional
3. Smoking vasoconstriction GIT ischemia
4. Alcoholism stimulates release of histamine = Parietal cell
release Hcl acid = ulceration
5. Caffeine tea, soda, chocolate
6. Irregular diet
7. Rapid eating
8. Ulcerogenic drugs NSAIDS, aspirin, steroids, indomethacin,
ibuprofen Indomethacin - S/E corneal cloudiness. Needs annual
eye check up.
9. Gastrin producing tumor or gastrinoma Zollinger Ellisons sign
10. Microbial invasion helicobacter pylori. Metromidazole
(Flagyl)
HYPERSECRETION
VOMITING
HEMORRHAGE
WT
COMPLICATIONS
HIGH RISK
Intrum or lesser
curvature
-30 min 1 hr after
eating
- epigastrium
- gaseous & burning
- not usually relieved
by food & antacid
Duodenal bulb
hematemeis
Melena
Wt loss
Wt gain
a. stomach cause
b. hemorrhage
a. perforation
60 years old
20 years old
Diagnosis:
1. Endoscopic exam
2. Stool from occult blood
3. Gastric analysis N gastric
Increase duodenal
4. GI series confirms presence of
ulceration
Nursing Mgt:
1. Diet bland, non irritating, non spicy
2. Avoid caffeine & milk/ milk products
- Increase gastric acid secretion
3. Administer meds
A. AAC
> Aluminum containing antacids
Ex. aluminum OH gel (Ampho-gel)
S/E : diarrhea
> Magnesium containing antacids
ex. milk of magnesia
S/E :constipation
*Maalox (fever S/E)
B. H2 receptor antagonist
Ex :
1. Ranitidine (Zantac)]
2. Cimetidine (Tagamet)
3. Tamotidine (Pepcid)
- Avoid smoking decrease
effectiveness of drug
**Administer antacid & H2 receptor antagonist
1hr apart
-Cimetidine decrease antacid absorption &
c. Cytoprotective agents
Ex :
1. Sucralfate (Carafate)
- Provides a paste like subs that coats mucosal
lining of stomach
2. Cytotec
d.) Sedatives/ Tranquilizers - Valium, lithium
e.)Anticholinergics
1. Atropine SO4
2. Prophantheline Bromide (Profanthene)
*Pt has history of hpn crisis With peptic ulcer disease.
Rn should not administer alka seltzer- has large amount
Surgery:
subtotal gastrectomy - Partial removal of stomach
Billroth I (Gastroduodenostomy)
-Removal of of stomach & anastomoses of gastric
stump to the duodenum.
Billroth II (Gastrojejunostomy)
- removal of -3/4 of stomach & duodenal bulb &
anastomostoses of gastric stump to jejunum.
Before surgery for BI or BII
-Do vagotomy (severing of vagus nerve)
& pyloroplasty (drainage) first.
Nursing Mgt:
1. Monitor NGT output
- Immediately post op should be bright red
- Within 36- 42h output is yellow green
- After 42h output is dark red
2. Administer meds:
- Analgesic
- Antibiotic
- Antiemetics
3. Maintain patent IV line
4. VS, I&O & bowel sounds
Complications:
a. Hemorrhage hypovolemic shock
- Late signs anuria
b. Peritonitis
c. Paralytic ileus most feared
d. Hypokalemia
e. Thrombophlebitis
f. Pernicious anemia
Nursing mgt:
1. Avoid fluids in chilled solutions
Dumping syndrome
common complication
rapid gastric emptying of hypertonic food solutions
CHYME leading to hypovolemia.
112
Husni Rousan
113
Husni Rousan
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Manifestations
Pain is classic symptom: burning, aching
hunger like in epigastric region possibly
radiating to back; occurs when stomach is
empty and relieved by food (pain: food:
relief pattern)
Vomiting , nausea , constipation &diarrhea
Symptoms less clear in older adult; may
have poorly localized discomfort, dysphagia,
weight loss; presenting symptom may be
complication: GI hemorrhage or perforation
of stomach or duodenum
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Treatment
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pharmacologic therapy
H2 receptor antagonist
Proton pump inhibitors
Cytoprotective agents
Antacid
Stress Reduction & Rest
Smoking Cessation
Dietary Modification
Husni Rousan
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1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
Surgical Management
Vagotomy
Truncal
Selective
Pyloroplasty
Antrectomy
Gastroduodenostomy
Gastrojejunostomy
Subtotal gastroectomy with
anastomosis
Husni Rousan
Post-op Care
117
Post-op concerns:
Dumping syndrome
Post Prandial hypoglycemia
bile reflux gastritis