JJ310- STRENGTH OF

MATERIALS
BENDING STRESSES

1. To know about
convention symbols
for bending stress
6. Use the bending
equations to solve
problems involving
strength and bending
for the simply
supported and
cantilever beam

2. Derive the equation

of bending stresses

BENDING
STRESS
5. Calculate the
second moment of
area (I) for the
standard section

3. Understanding
types of section
standard

4. Calculate the
neutral axis (NA)
for standard of
section

1. CONVENTION SYMBOLS
DESCRIPTION

SYMBOLS

E
F

Youngs Modulus

UNIT

( N/m2 )

Concentrated Load

(N)

Second Moment Area

( m4 )

Ic

Second Moment Area around centroid axis

( m4 )

IG

Second moment area around the center of gravity

( m4 )

IPN

Second moment area around the neutral axis

( m4 )

Ixx

Second moment area around x x axis

( m4 )

Bending Moment

( Nm )

M
R

Radius of Curvature

(m)

STRESSES IN BEAMS

Forces and couples acting on the beam cause

bending (flexural stresses) and shearing stresses
on any cross section of the beam and deflection
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
beam.
If couples are applied to the ends of the beam and
no forces act on it, the bending is said to be pure
bending. If forces produce the bending, the
bending is called ordinary bending.

ASSUMPTIONS

In using the following formulas for flexural and

shearing stresses, it is assumed that:a

plane section of the beam normal to its

longitudinal axis prior to loading remains plane
after the forces and couples have been applied

the

beam is initially straight and of uniform cross

section and that the modulus of elasticity in
tension and compression are equal.

ALLOCATION OF BENDING STRESS

Referring

on beside
figure, the original
position of the
beam is shown
partially in Figure
9.2 (a)

When

the beam is
curved, the part
will be show as in
Figure 9.2 (b).

y
P

Rajah 9.2
(a)

P.N.

A
B
E

M
F

P
C

y
Q
D
Rajah 9.2
(b)

 For

such a curvature,
the longitudinal layer
of the beam along the
top surface (AB) will
be in compression,
while the lower surface
(CD) will be in tension.

Between

the layers AB
and CD, the length of
one layer does not
change when the bent
beam.

y
P

D
Rajah 9.2
(a)

P.N.

B
E

M
F

P
C

y
Q
D
Rajah 9.2
(b)

The

layers is called
the neutral axis (N.A)
or neutral plane.

y
P

D
Rajah 9.2
(a)

The

bending stress ()
at N.A = 0.

P.N.

B
E

M
F

P
C

y
Q
D
Rajah 9.2
(b)

Distance of neutral axis from

the center of curvature is called
the radius of curvature (R).

F
y

For any layer of PQ (a distance

y from the N.A) is curved and
elongated and it become to P'Q'.

P.N.

original length, PQ = EF = R

M
F

Final length, PQ = (R+y)

Rajah 9.2
(a)

The layers along N.A become to

E'F.
EF = EF = R

y
Q
D
Rajah 9.2
(b)

The elongation of PQ
PQ Strain
Original length
M

(R y) - R

F
y

R
Stress at PQ,

Rajah 9.2
(a)

y
E
R

y R

.......................eq. (1)

P.
N.
B

y
Q

Rajah 9.2
(b)

Based on Figure 9.2 (c), the cross section area for shaded strip is
= A.
Suppose that the longitudinal stress on the line = .
N

E
y. A x y
R
y
Have been proven, E.
R
E
So, the force on the strip y.A
R

Moment around N.A

P
y

Rajah 9.2: Allocation of bending stress

The total moments of beam cross section:-

E 2
y .A
R

E 2
M y . A
R

E
M
I
R

Note;

I y 2 . A is moment second area around neutral axis

But to balance the bending beam, the moment of resistance must be
equal to the applied moments.

E
.I
R

M E

I R

or

Therefore:-

When combined with equation 1, then:-

M E

I y R

This equation is used to solve the

problem of the bending stresses

BENDING MOMENT OF BEAM (WITH

UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD)

For Simply Supported Beam:-

The maximum bending moment can be determined

using the formula below:

max

wL
8

BENDING MOMENT OF BEAM (WITH

UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD)

For Cantilever Beam

The maximum bending moment can be determined

using the formula below:

max

wL
2

WE WILL
CONTINUE.AFTER
TAKE 5.

EXERCISE:1. What is the meaning of symbol (I) in the general

bending stress below

M E

I y R

A.
B.
C.
D.

Second moment of inertia

Centroid
Radius of curvature
Bending moment

EXERCISE:2. What is the meaning of symbol (M) in the

general bending stress below

M E

I y R

A.
B.
C.
D.

Second moment of inertia

Centroid
Radius of curvature
Bending moment

EXERCISE:3. What is the meaning of symbol (y) in the general

bending stress below

M E

I y R

A.
B.
C.
D.

Second moment of inertia

Centroid
Radius of curvature
Bending moment

EXERCISE:4.The formula bending moment for For Simply

Supported Beam is:A.

B.

C.

M
M
M

max

max

max

wL
2

wL

wL

16

EXERCISE:5.The formula bending moment Cantilever Beam:A.

B.

C.

M
M
M

max

max

max

wL
2

wL

wL

16

ANSWER:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
D
B
B
A

INTRODUCTION SECOND MOMENT OF AREA

In

this unit, the bending equation will be

used to determine the bending stress of
standard forms.

To

obtain the bending stress, the position

of neutral axis (N.A) and second moment
of area (or moment of inertia) for
standard forms (I) should be calculated.

SECOND MOMENT OF AREA RECTANGULAR

SECTION
Rectangular:

I y 2 dA

Second moment of area is defined as

Thus, for a rectangular section, second moment of area in PN, is

I P .N.

d / 2

y 2 dy

d / 2

b
A

d/2

- d/2

y
b

dA
B

y 2 dy
d

dy

P.N.

d / 2

d / 2

Figure 10.1: Rectangular cross-section beam

bd 3

12

Second moment of area

at the N.A axis

SECOND MOMENT OF AREA RECTANGULAR ISECTION

B
b

IN.A = IACEF Ib.b ;

b
C

P.N.

b.b = part of shaded area

E

Rajah 10.2: Rasuk Berkeratan Rentas I

BD
2 (bd )

12
12

To obtain the second

moment of area by using the
cut-of

SECOND MOMENT OF AREA CIRCULAR SECTION

Figure 10.3 shows a circle of

radius r. The shaded
elements shown in the figure
has an area dA and therefore
the following equation is
formed: -

dr
r
ro

dA = rd
Rajah 10.3: Rasuk Berkeratan Rentas Bulat

SECOND MOMENT OF AREA CIRCULAR SECTION

From the polar coordinate

system:y = r sin
Second moment of area at
N.A for a circular section is
given by:

I P.N.

y 2 dA
2

ro

r 2 sin 2 rd dr

r4
sin d
4

dr
r

ro

Rajah 10.3: The Circular cross section

r
0
4

r 4

sin 2 d

r0

THEOREM OF PARALLEL AXIS

Parallel axis theorem states that the second

moment of area on any axis parallel to the NA
(the axis X - X) is equal to the second moment of
area around the axis through the centroid of the
(NA) plus the product of cross-sectional area and
square of the distance between the axis parallel
to the PN

dA
y

I xx

y dA
2

P
y
h
x

x
Rajah 10.4: Rectangular section beam

d
A

THEOREM OF PARALLEL AXIS

If the NA line is drawn parallel to

the line x-x, then the formula above
can be described as follows: -

y
h
x
Rajah 10.4: Rectangular section beam

y y' h

I xx

2
(
y'

h
)

(y' )

2y' h h 2 dA

(y' )

dA 2h y' dA h

Ixx = IP.N. + Ah

dA

The first integral is the second moment

of area about an axis through the center
of the form.
The second integral is the first moment
of area about an axis through the center
y' dA
of the form,
so it is equal tozero.
The last integral is to the total crosssectional area. Next the equation above
can be written as:NOTE:

h = distance from the midpoint of part of

section in parallel with the neural axis.

STANDARD SECTION SCHEDULE

From the equation that has been made, we can be brief as the table
below: -

STANDARD SECTION SCHEDULE

CENTROID - A COMBINATION FORM

The form of a diagram can be

produced by combining several
basic form or cut the original
diagram.
The form in Figure 10.5 (a) is
produced by combining the
rectangular ABCD with
semicircular ADP.

CENTROID - A COMBINATION FORM

For Figure 10.5 (a) a high centroid of every basic form of BC is not
the same that y1 y2
p

A
y2

DD

C
y

y1
B

C
B

Rajah 10.5(b)

Therefore,

Ay
A

(A1 y1 A 2 y 2 )
(A1 A 2 )

CENTROID - TRUNCATED FORM

In Figure 10.6 (a) part of square DEFG is cut and removed from the
original rectangular form of ABCH.
A

Figure 10.6 (a) a high centroid for each basic shape of

the line BC is equal (Figure 10.6 (b)). So: -

H
F
E

A
F

E
E

Rajah 10.6(b)

D
B

D
C

Rajah 10.6(a)

G
F

y1

CENTROID - TRUNCATED FORM

Referring to Figure 10.7, form of L can be produced by

combining two rectangular or separated and cut methods of
rectangular EDGF from ABCG.
A

y2
y1
B

E
E

D
y

D
B

If using the cut and split, use the following formula:

y

Ay
A

(A1 y1 A 2 y 2 )
(A1 A 2 )

THE STRESS DISTRIBUTION

If the for every layer of the upper surface to the bottom surface
of the beam is determined, the values can be plotted on a graph
as follows. The graph shows the distribution of the bending
stress.
Look at the value of is not dependent on cross-sectional width
of a strip. In layer N.A, = 0.

- compressive

5 cm
P.N.
=0
7 cm

- tensile

THANK YOU

Q&A

EXERCISE:1.

The equation of the second moment of area

for rectangular shape is:-

A. d 2

d 3
B.
12
C.

d 4
12

d 3
D.
4

EXERCISE:2. The equation of the second moment of area for

circular section is:4

r
A.

8
B.

r 2
4

C.

r 2
12

D.

r 4
4

EXERCISE:3. This below formula is state of :-

I xx

dA

A. Second moment of area

B. Position of neutral axis
C. Theorem of parallel axis
D. Modulus of section

EXERCISE:4. Which is the formula is to determine the

distance of centroid?
A. Ay

B.

Ah
A

Ay
C. A
D.

Ay
Ah

EXERCISE:5. Which if the unit of second moment of area?

A. m4
B. m2
C. Nm2
D. N/m2
6. Based the figure on right side, the label of x and y to
determine second moment of area for rectangular
shape is:A. X = h and Y = d
X
B. X = d and Y = b
C. X = b and Y = d
D. X = d and Y = h
Y

EXERCISE:-

EXAMPLE 1

60
mm

16 kN

20
mm

16
kN

1m

1m

15
mm

80
mm

6m

T bar with a length 6 meters incur of a concentrated load. Each load is 16 kN at a

distance of 1 m from both ends of the beam. Bar is simply supported on both ends as in
Figure 10.3 (a). The cross section bar is shown in Figure 10.3 (b). Calculate the following: a. Distance of neutral axis from the bottom of the beam.
b. Second moment of area around the neutral axis.
c. The radius of curvature at the midspan of the beam.
d. Maximum the compressive and the tensile bending stress in the
Given E= 200 GN / m2

beam

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:i. Calculate the distance of neutral axis from the bottom of the beam.

Step 1:
Divide of those sections into two parts. Calculate the centroid of the area and distance for each part
of the sectional base.

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:

Step 2:
Determine the distance on the bottom of neutral axis cross section

A1y1 A 2 y 2
y
A1 A 2
(1200 x 90 ) (1200 x 40 )

(1200 1200)
65 mm

Since we using the method

of cut sections, use this
formula.

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:-

ii. Calculate the second moment of area around the neutral axis .

Step 3:

Calculate the second moment of area and distance h for each section.

Second moment of area at the neutral axis is

IP.N.

= ( IC1 + A1h12 ) + ( IC2 + A2h22 )

= ( 40,000 + ( 1200 x 252 ) ) + ( 640,000 + ( 1200 x 252 ) )
= 2.18 x 106 mm4
= 2.18 x 10-6 m4

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:iii. The radius of curvature at the midspan of the

beam.

Step 4:

16
kN

16
kN
1m

Use formula:-

M E

I y R

EI
M

1m
6m

R1

From the loading shown, we find that the order

of loading is symmetrical, so the reactions:-

R2

(+
)
(-)

R1 = R2 = 16 kN

From B.M.D, the bending moment of the

midspan beam is:-

M = 16 kNm ( hogging )

G.D.R

(+)

G.M.L.

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:

The radius of curvature at the midspan of the beam.

M E

I y R

EI
R
M

200 x 109 x 2.18 x 10-6

R
16 x 103
27.25 m

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:iv. Maximum the compressive and the tensile bending stress in the beam.

Step 5:
Refer to the diagram of the beam section, we find that:-

ylower > yupper

The maximum produced at the lower surface is :
ymax = 65 mm

= 0.065 m

M max y max
16 x 103 x 0.065

I
2.18 x 10 -6
477 x 10 6 N/mm 2

( tensile )

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:The maximum produced at the upper surface is ,

ymax = 35 mm

= 0.035 m

M max y max 16 x 103 x 0.035

I
2.18 x 10 -6
256.8 x 106 N/m 2
( compressiv e )

EXAMPLE 2:

A 1 meter cantilever beam loads uniformly distributed along the

span of the beam. Beam cross section is shown in below figure,
where EE is the upper surface of the beam. Determine the the
following: -

i.

the neutral axis of cross section.

ii.

Second moment of area around the neutral axis.

iii.

Maximum tensile and compressive stress in the beam results

from sagging.

20 kN/m

120
mm

E
40 mm

1m

60
mm

80 mm

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:

Step 1:

Divide of those sections into two parts. Get wide and centroid of
distance each part of the sectional base.

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:
i. Distance of neutral axis on the bottom of the cross section.

A1 y1 A 2 y2
A1 A2
(4800 x 100 ) ( 4800 x 40 )
(4800 4800)

70 mm

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:
ii. Second moment of area around the neutral axis.

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:
Second moment of area around the neutral axis.
IP.N. = ( IC1 + A1h12 ) + ( IC2 + A2h22 )
= ( 640 x 103 + ( 4800 x 302 ) ) + ( 2560 x 103 + ( 4800 x 302 ) )
= 11.84 x 106 mm4
= 1.184 x 10-5 m4

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:

iii. Maximum bending moment occurs at the bar met the wall of :

Mmax = w L2 = (20 x 103) (12 ) = 10,000 Nm

2

= 10 kNm

Since the beam is hogging, the top surface will have the lower
surface tension and compression

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:
ylower maximum = 70 mm
yupper maximum

I
y

max

= 120 70 = 50 mm

max

M max y max
I

10,000 x 50 x 10 -3
tensile
1.184 x 10-5

max compressiv e

42.23 MN/m 2

10,000 x 70 x 10-3
1.184 x 10 -5

59.12 MN/m 2

EXAMPLE 3:
a. A cross section of a beam as shown in below figure.
Calculate :i.
The neutral axis for the beam
ii.
second moment of area around the neutral axis.
b. If the beam is simply supported at both ends carrying a uniform
load of 30 kN / m on the entire spans with a length 3m,
calculate the bending stresses in the beam on: 80 mm
iii. the upper surface
20
mm
iv. the lower surface
10
mm

20 mm
P.N
.

100
mm

100 mm

10 mm
40
mm

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:
a.

The section can be considered a T-shaped

grafting yield from second and first part.

While the center is divided punched a hole
as rectangular shape (part 3).

P.N.
3
2

Get area for each of divisions involved :Part 1 A1 = 80 x 20

= 1600 mm2

Part 2 A2 = 40 x 100

= 4000 mm2

Part 3 A3 = 20 x 100

= 2000 mm2

10
mm

y3 = 10 + 50 = 60 mm

y2 = 50 mm;

P.
N
.

100
mm
10
mm

Calculate the distance y from the base of the T

section.
y1 = 100 + 10 = 110 mm ;

80
mm
20
m
m

40
m
m

20
mm
100
mm

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:
i.

Dapatkan nilai y dengan menggunaka n formula y

Ay

A1 y1 A 2 y 2 - A 3 y3
A1 A 2 A 3
(1600 x 110) (4000 x 50) - (2000 x 60)
(1600 4000 - 2000)

71.1 mm

1
P.N.
3

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:
ii.

Get a second moment of area around the neutral axis.

_

h1 = y1 - y
_
h2 = y - y2

= 110 65.3

= 44.7 mm

= 65.3 50

= 15.3 mm

h3 = y - y3

= 65.3 60

5.3 mm

Get Ah2 value of each part.

A1h12 = 1600 x ( 44.7 )2

= 3.2 x 106 mm4

A2h22 = 4000 x ( 15.3 )2

= 936 x 103 mm4

A3h32 = 2000 x ( 5.30 )2

= 56 x 103 mm4

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:
bd 3
Use Ic =
formula to determine second moment of
12

area for each section.

IC1 =
IC2 =
IC3 =

80 x 203
53 x 103 mm 4
12
40 x 1003
3.33 x 103 mm 4
12
20 x 1003
1.67 x 106 mm 4
12

IP.N. = ( IC1 + A1h12 ) + ( IC2 + A2h22 ) - ( IC3 + A3h32 )

= 5.8 x 106 mm4
= 5.8 x 10-6 m4

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:
b. Get the reaction force at both ends A and B.
30 kN/m

3
m
RA

RB

Total force on A = Total force on B

RA = R B
Therefore, RA = RB =

30 3
kN 45 kN
2

Mmax will occur on midspan of the beam. Therefore,

Mmax = wL2 / 8
= 30 kN/m (32) / 8
= 33.75 kNm

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:
We obtained that :
ylower = 65.3 mm

Therefore, yupper = 120 65.3 = 54.7 mm

Thus;

I y

max

M max y max

33.75 x 103 x 0.0547

2
upper

318
MN/m
5.8 x10 -6

33.75 x 103 x 0.0653

2
lower

380
MN/m
5.8 x10 -6

EXERCISE

A 5 m cantilever beam loads uniformly distributed along the

span of the beam. Beam cross section is shown in the figure
below, where EE is the upper surface of the beam. Determine
the the following: -

i.

the neutral axis of cross section.

ii.

Second moment of area around the neutral axis.

iii.

Maximum tensile and compressive stress in the beam results

from sagging.
120 mm

40 kN/m

20 mm

5m

60
mm

100
mm

Thank You.
Q&A