PHONETICS

ORGANS OF SPEECH
PHONEMES

Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

The study of speech sounds as

they occur in a particular language

Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

The study of speech sounds in the human

language, especially how parts of vocal
apparatus work together to produce certain
sounds
There are three kinds of phonetics;
Phonetic articulatory
It studies the vocal organs, through the use of
which we articulate the sound of speech
Phonetic acoustic
It studies sound waves, which is the physical way
in which sounds are transmitted through the air
from one person to another
Phonetic auditory
It studies the way in which human beings perceive
the sounds through the medium of ear
Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

The active articulators

lower lip
tongue
The passive Articulators
upper lip
upper teeth
roof of the mouth

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 Tip of the tongue

Blade of the tongue
Front of the tongue
Center/middle of the
Back of the tongue

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tongue

 Alveolar ridge
Alveopalatal
Hard palate/palatum
Soft palate/velum

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Consonant
is formed when the air stream is restricted
or stopped at some point between the
vocal cords and the lips
Vowel
is a sound that need an open air to the
passage in the mouth. The air passage can
be modified in terms of shape and with
different mouth and tongue shapes
producing different vowel

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speech sound which is

articulated with some kind of
stricture, or closure of the air
stream
formed when the air stream is
restricted or stopped at some
point between the vocal cord and
the lips
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1. The

state of the glottis: in vibration (voiced) or

open (voiceless)
2. The state of the velum: Lowered (nasal) or
raised (oral)
3. The place of articulation: Where the stricture
occurs (Place of maximum interference) and
what articulators are involved
4. The manner of articulation: The amount of
stricture, Whether it is complete, partial (called
close approximation), or relatively open (open
approximation), and how the air goes out.

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 Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental
Alveolar
Alveopalatal
Palatal
Velar
Glottal

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 Plosive
Nasal
Fricative
Affricate
Lateral
Trill
Retroflex
Semivowel

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Articulated by shaping the tongue in the mouth

Have significant regional and individual variation in inventory of
vowel sound
Use differences in length combined with differences in quality
to distinguish the vowels
Have difficulties to tell where the tongue is when they are
produced
Are all voiced
Produced with open approximation
Have two kinds; Monophthong & Diphthong
(Monophthong means single vowel and during the production of
the sound doesnt involve tongue movement)

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1. The position of the tongue that form the resonance chamber

Front vowel

Central vowel

Back vowels
2. The height of the tongue

High vowels

Mid vowels

Low vowels
3. The shape of the lips

Rounded vowels

Unrounded vowels (spread or neutral)

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4. The degree of closeness

Close
Half-close
Half open
open
5. The length of the pronunciation of the vowel by
keeping the position of the speech organs. The length
is also known as quantity
Long vowels
Short vowels

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Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

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It is double vowels and the process of the production involves

the movement of the tongue (glide) from one vowel position to
another
Represented phonetically by two letters. The first showing the
starting point and the second indicating the direction of the
movement.
There are two kinds of diphthong;
1. Closing diphthong
The position directs to the close vowels
e.g. ei, ai, oi, au, ou
2. Centering Diphthong
The position moves to the center vowels
e.g. i, e, o, u

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Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

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Sound that distinguish meaning

e.g. pin-bin
There are two kinds of phoneme
1. Segmental Phoneme (consonants,
vowels, diphthong)
2. Suprasegmental Phoneme
(Intonation, pitch, stress, etc)

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 analysis

features which extend over

more than one segment
accompany speech sounds and
sometimes a feature of the entire
utterances rather than of any
individual sound

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1. Intonation
It refers to the various tones of voice. There are two kinds of
intonation; raising and falling.
2. Stress
It refers to the degree of force or loudness. It indicates the
importance of certain words in phrases and sentences
There are three levels of stress
Primary marked by an acute accent ()
Mid marked by a grave accent (`)
Unstressed unmarked or marked by a breve ()
3. Pitch
It refers to normal melodic height of an individuals speech.
4. Tempo
It is associated with the speakers frame of mind

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Taken from the word allos other & phone sound is

a predictable variants of the phonemes
It is the individual members of a class of sound (a
phoneme), or the pronounceable or concrete
realization of an abstraction (a phoneme)
For example;
/p/ [p ] port, party, computer, etc (aspirated)
[p] sport, spring, etc (unaspirated)
[p ] cap, rope (unreleased)

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A consonant cluster occur when two or

more consonant sounds come together
The position of the cluster
1. Initial position
e.g. splash, strain, tray, through, fury,
beauty,
shred, etc
2. Final position
e.g. swept, depth, box, itched, lips,
scripts,
silks, fiddle, etc.

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