Chapter 3

ACID AND BASES

ELECTROLYTIC PROPERTIES
Electrolyte - substance that, when dissolved in water,
results in a solution that can conduct electricity.
Nonelectrolyte - substance that, when dissolved, results
in a solution that does not conduct electricity.

nonelectrolyte

weak electrolyte

strong electrolyte

 Strong Electrolyte
100% dissociation (breaking up of compound into
cations and anions
NaCl (s)

H2O

Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Weak Electrolyte
not completely dissociated
CH3COOH

CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

A reversible reaction. The reaction can occur in

both directions.

Nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity?

No cations (+) and anions (-) in solution
C6H12O6 (s)

H2O

C6H12O6 (aq)

 Hydration - process in which an ion is surrounded by water

molecules arranged in a specific manner.
- helps to stabilize ions and prevents cations from
combining with anions.

H2O

PROPERTIES ACIDS
Have a sour taste.
Turn litmus paper from blue to red.
React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas.
2HCl (aq) + Mg (s)

MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon

dioxide gas
2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s)

CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity.

PROPERTIES OF BASES
Have a bitter taste.
Turn litmus paper from blue to red.
Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.
Aqueous base solutions conduct electricity.
Examples:

ROLE OF WATER TO SHOW PROPERTIES OF

ACIDS
Anhydrous pure acid does not show acidic properties
do not dissociate to form hydrogen ion (H+).
When dissolved in water
show the properties of acids.
Why? - acids will dissociate in water to form H+ / H3O+ ions
which are free to move.
E.g:
i) HCl in liquid methylbenzene (organic solvent) - does not
show acidic properties.
ii) HCl in water show acidic properties

ROLE OF WATER TO SHOW PROPERTIES OF

ALKALI
Dry base does not show alkaline properties
hydroxide ions (OH-) are not free to move
In water, bases dissociate
form hydroxide ions, OH-,
which are free to move
For example:
i) ammonia in tetrachlomethane (organic solvent) do not
show alkaline properties
ii) ammonia in water show alkaline properties

DEFINITION OF ACID AND BASE

Arrhenius

BrnstedLowry

Lewis

DEFINITION OF ACID AND BASE BY ARRHENIUS

Arrhenius acid - substance that produces H+ (hydrogen ion) or
hydronium ion (H3O+) in water

Arrhenius base - substance that produces OH- in water

Examples of acid:
CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

H2CO3 (aq)

H2CO3 (aq) + H2O(l)

H3O+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq)

nonmetal oxides + H2O

acid

Examples of bases:
NaOH (s)

Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

N2H4 (aq) + H2O

metal oxides + H2O

N2H5+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

bases

DEFINITION OF ACID AND BASE BY BRNSTED-LOWRY

A Brnsted acid is a proton donor
A Brnsted base is a proton acceptor
Example:
HCl (aq) +H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
acid

base

acid

base

HCl is a acid because it donates proton to H2O

H2O is a base because it accepts proton from HCl
A Brnsted acid must contain at least one ionizable
proton!

Conjugate acid-base pair:

i) Conjugate base of a Brnsted acid
- the species that remains when one proton has been removed from
the acid
ii) Conjugate acid
- addition of a proton to a Brnsted base

Examples:
HCl (aq) +H2O (l)

H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

acid1

acid2

base2

base1

Cl- is a conjugate base of HCl and HCl is a conjugate acid of Cl-

H2O is a base conjugate of H3O+ and H3O+ is a acid conjugate of

H2O

 When a strong acid react with a strong base in Brnsted acid-base

reaction, it will give a weak conjugate acid and conjugate base.
Examples:
HCl (aq) + H2O (l)
strong acid strong base
NH3 (aq)
Weak base

H2O (l)
weak acid

H3O+ (aq) +
Cl- (aq)
weak conjugate weak conjugate
acid
base
NH4+ (aq)
+ OH- (aq)
strong conjugate strong conjugate
acid

base

H2O can function as acid or base which called amphoteric

Amphoteric or amphiprotic substance is one that can react as

Identify each of the following species as a Brnsted acid, base, or

both. (a) HI, (b) CH3COO-, (c) H2PO4-

HI (aq)

H+ (aq) + I- (aq)

CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

H2PO4- (aq)

Brnsted acid
CH3COOH (aq)

H+ (aq) + HPO42- (aq)

H2PO4- (aq) + H+ (aq)

H3PO4 (aq)

Brnsted base

Brnsted acid
Brnsted base

DEFINITION OF ACID AND BASE BY LEWIS

Lewis acid - substance that can accept a pair of electrons
Lewis base - substance that can donate a pair of electrons

H+ + OH
acid base
H

acid

N H

H+ +

H
base

H O H

H
+
H N H
H

Examples of Lewis Acids and Bases reactions:

H

F
F B

N H

a)

acid

base

F
F B
F

H
N H
H

TYPES OF ACIDS-BASES
ACIDS
i) Strong acids
- Acids that completely ionized in solution.
- Example:
HCl (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

ii) Weak acids

- Acids that incompletely ionized in solution
- Example:
CH3COOH (aq)
CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

Monoprotic acid:
- each unit of the acid yields one hydrogen ion upon
ionization
HCl

H+ + Cl-

HNO3
CH3COOH

H+ + NO3H+ + CH3COO-

Strong electrolyte, strong acid

Strong electrolyte, strong acid
Weak electrolyte, weak acid

Diprotic acid:
- each unit of the acid gives up two H+ ions, in two separate
steps
H2SO4

H+ + HSO4-

Strong electrolyte, strong acid

HSO4-

H+ + SO42-

Weak electrolyte, weak acid

Triprotic acids:
- yield three H+ ions
H3PO4
H2PO4HPO42-

H+ + H2PO4H+ + HPO42H+ + PO43-

Weak electrolyte, weak acid

Weak electrolyte, weak acid
Weak electrolyte, weak acid

 BASES
i) Strong bases
- Bases that completely ionized in solution.
- Example:
NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
ii) Weak bases
- bases that incompletely ionized in solution
- Example:
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)

NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

ACIDS AND BASES AS

ELECTROLYTES
Strong
Weak

acids (HCl,HNO3 ) - strong electrolytes

acid (CH3COOH) - weak electrolyte

HCl (aq) + H2O (l)

HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

Strong Bases are strong electrolytes

H2O +
NaOH (s)
Na (aq) + OH- (aq)
H2O +
KOH (s)
K (aq) + OH- (aq)
H2O 2+
Ba(OH)2 (s)
Ba (aq) + 2OH- (aq)

Weak Bases are weak electrolytes

F- (aq) + H2O (l)
NO2- (aq) + H2O (l)

OH- (aq) + HF (aq)

OH- (aq) + HNO2 (aq)

ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF WATER

Can act either as a acid or as a base.

Water is a very weak electrolyte and undergo

ionization to a small extent:

H2O (l)

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

autoionization of water

pH-A MEASURE OF ACIDITY

pH the negative logarithm of the hydrogen in
concentration (in mol/L)
pH = -log [H+]
Solution Is
neutral

[H+] = [OH-]

At 250C
[H+] = 1 x 10-7

pH = 7

acidic

[H+] > [OH-]

[H+] > 1 x 10-7

pH < 7

basic

[H+] < [OH-]

[H+] < 1 x 10-7

pH > 7

Other important relationships

pOH = -log [OH-]
[H+][OH-] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14
-log [H+] log [OH-] = 14.00
pH + pOH = 14.00

pH Meter

1) The pH of rainwater collected in a certain region of the

northeastern United States on a particular day was 4.82. What is
the H+ ion concentration of the rainwater?
pH = -log [H+]
[H+] = 10-pH = 10-4.82 = 1.5 x 10-5 M
2) The OH- ion concentration of a blood sample is 2.5 x 10-7 M.
What is the pH of the blood?
pH + pOH = 14.00
pOH = -log [OH-] = -log (2.5 x 10-7) = 6.60
pH = 14.00 pOH = 14.00 6.60 = 7.40

CALCULATION OF PH FOR
SOLUTION CONTAINING A
STRONG ACID AND A
SOLUTION OF A STRONG
BASE

1) What is the pH of a 0.002 M HNO3 solution?

HNO3 is a strong acid 100% dissociation.
Start 0.002 M
HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
End 0.0 M

0.0 M
0.0 M
H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
0.002 M
0.002 M

pH = -log [H+] = -log [H3O+] = -log(0.002) = 2.7

2) What is the pH of a 1.8 x 10-2 M Ba(OH)2 solution?
Ba(OH)2 is a strong base 100% dissociation.
Start 0.018 M
Ba(OH)2 (s)
End 0.0 M

0.0 M
0.0 M
Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
0.018 M 0.036 M

pH = 14.00 pOH = 14.00 + log(0.036) = 12.6

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
Concentration - amount of solute present in a given quantity
of solvent or solution.
moles of solute

M = molarity =

liters of solution

1) What mass of KI is required to make 500 mL of a 2.80

M KI solution?
volume of KI solution
500 mL x

1L
1000 mL

M KI

moles KI

2.80 mol KI
1 L soln

M KI

166 g KI
1 mol KI

grams KI
= 232 g KI

Preparing a Solution of Known

Concentration

DILUTION OF
SOLUTIONS

Dilution - procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution

from a more concentrated solution.

Dilution
Add Solvent

Moles of solute
before dilution (i)

Moles of solute
after dilution (f)

MiVi

MfVf

EXAMPLE:
1) How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3
from a stock solution of 4.00 M HNO3?
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = 4.00 M

V1 =

M2V2
M1

M2 = 0.200 M
0.200 M x 0.0600 L
4.00 M

V2 = 0.0600 L

V1 = ? L

= 0.00300 L = 3.00 mL

Dilute 3.00 mL of acid with water to a total volume of 60.0 mL.

Concentration Units
Percent by Mass (%w/w)
mass of solute
% by mass =
mass of solute + mass of solvent
mass of solute x 100%
=
mass of solution
Percent by Volume (%v/v)
Volume of solute x 100%
% by volume =
Volume of solution

x 100%

Molarity (M)
M =

moles of solute
liters of solution

Molality (m)
moles of solute
m =
mass of solvent (kg)

TITRATIONS
In a titration a solution of accurately known concentration
(standard solution) is added gradually added to another solution
of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between
the two solutions is complete.
Equivalence point the point at which the reaction is complete
Indicator substance that changes color at (or near) the
equivalence point
Titrations can be used in the analysis of acid-base reactions

PROCEDURE FOR THE TITRATION

Slowly add base

to unknown acid
UNTIL
the indicator
changes color

EXAMPLE:
1) What volume of a 1.420 M NaOH solution is required to titrate
25.00 mL of a 4.50 M H2SO4 solution?
WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!
H2SO4 + 2NaOH
MaVa

MbVb

(4.50 M) (25 mL)

(1.420 M) (Vb)

a
b

1
2

Vb = 158 mL

2H2O + Na2SO4
Ma = concentration of acid
Mb = concentration of base
Va = volume of acid
Vb = volume of base
a = coefficient of acid
b = coefficient of base

ACID-BASE TITRATIONS
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq)
OH- (aq) + H+ (aq)

H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)

H2O (l)

pH PROFILE OF THE TITRATION (TITRATION CURVE)

pH PROFILE OF THE TITRATION

(TITRATION CURVE)
Before addition of NaOH
- pH = 1.00
When the NaOH added
- pH increase slowly at first
Near the equivalence point
- the curve rises almost vertically
Beyond the equivalence point
- pH increases slowly

CALCULATION OF PH AT EVERY STAGE OF

TITRATION
After addition of 10.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH to 25.0 mL of 0.100 M
HCl
Total volume = 35.0 mL
Moles of NaOH in 10.0 mL
1)

= 10.0 mL x 0.100 mol NaOH x

1L
1L NaOH
1000 mL
= 1.00 x 10-3 mol
Moles of HCl in 25.0 mL
= 25.0 mL x 0.100 mol HCl x
1 L HCl
= 2.50 x 10-3 mol

1L
1000 mL

Amount of HCl left after partial neutralization

= (2.50 x 10-3)-(1.00 x 10-3)
= 1.50 x 10-3 mol
Concentration of H+ ions in 35.0 mL
1.50 x 10-3 mol HCl x 1000 mL = 0.0429 M HCl
35.0 mL
1L
[H+] = 0.0429 M,
pH = -log 0.0429 = 1.37
2) After addition of 25.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH to 25.0 mL 0f 0.100 M
HCl
[H+] = [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-7
pH = 7.00

3) After addition of 35.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH to 25.0 mL of 0.100 mL of HCl

Total volume = 60.0 mL
Moles of NaOH added
= 35.0 mL x 0.100 mol NaOH
1 L NaOH
= 3.50 x 10-3 mol

1L
1000 mL

Moles of HCl in 25.0 mL solution = 2.50 x 10 -3 mol

After complete neutralization of HCl, no of moles of NaOH left
= (3.50 x 10-3)-(2.50x10-3)
= 1.00 x 10-3 mol
Concentration of NaOH in 60.0 mL solution
= 1.00 x 10-3 mol NaOH x 1000 mL
60.0 mL
1L
= 0.0167 M NaOH
[OH-] = 0.0167 M
pOH = -log 0.0167 = 1.78
pH = 14.00 1.78
= 12.22