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Treatment and
Evaluation contd
Lecture 4
Nykieta James
Q-test
Qexp=| xq - xn| / w
Asetofresultsmaycontainanoutlyingresult
outoflinewiththeothers.
Shoulditberetainedorrejected?
Thereisnouniversalcriterionfordecidingthis.
OnerulethatcangiveguidanceistheQtest.
90% confidence
95% confidence
99%confidence
0.941
0.970
0.994
0.765
0.829
0.926
0.642
0.710
0.821
0.560
0.625
0.740
0.507
0.568
0.680
0.468
0.526
0.634
0.437
0.493
0.598
10
0.412
0.466
0.568
Example :
gap =0.11
12.67
Range = 0.20
Q = 0.11 /0.20 = 0.55 < 0.64 (table value, =0.10)
12.67 should be retained.
0.94
3
0.76
4
0.64
0.56
0.51
0.47
0.44
0.41
10
QexpisthencomparedtoasetofvaluesQcrit:
Qcrit (reject if Qexpt > Qcrit)
No. of observations
90%
95%
99%
3
0.941
0.970
0.994
4
0.765
0.829
0.926
5
0.642
0.710
0.821
6
0.560
0.625
0.740
7
0.507
0.568
0.680
8
0.468
0.526
0.634
9
0.437
0.493
0.598
10
0.412
0.466
0.568
RejectionofoutlierrecommendedifQexp>Qcritforthedesiredconfidencelevel.
Note:1.
Thehighertheconfidencelevel,thelesslikelyis
rejectiontoberecommended.
2.Rejectionofoutlierscanhaveamarkedeffectonmean
andstandarddeviation,esp.whenthereareonlyafew
datapoints.Alwaystrytoobtainmoredata.
3.Ifoutliersaretoberetained,itisoftenbettertoreport
themedianvalueratherthanthemean.
(n = 3 7)
(n = 8 10)
(n = 11 13)
(n = 14 25)
EXAMPLE 1
Cr(VI) determined by colourimetry gave the following data: 0.0893, 0.1439,
0.0809, 0.1035, 0.1042, 0.1062, 0.1037, 0.1034, 0.1073, 0.0968. Should
the smallest value be rejected? Should the largest be rejected?
a)
Sort the data: 0.0809, 0.0893, 0.0968, 0.1034, 0.1035, 0.1037, 0.1042,
0.1062, 0.1073, 0.1439.
xn = 0.0809, 10 datum points.
Q11(expt) = (xn - xn-1)/(xn - x2)
= (0.0809 - 0.0893)/(0.0809 - 0.1073) = 0.318.
Qcrit at the 95% confidence level = 0.477.
Qexpt < Qcrit retain the null hypothesis and retain the datum point.
b) For xn = 0.1439,
Qexpt = 0.670
Qcrit = 0.521 reject the point.
EXAMPLE 2