Slender Column Design and Two-way Slab Analysis

Slender Columns and
Two-way Slabs
Lecture Goals
Slender Column Design
One-way and two-way slab
Slab thickness, h
Design of Long ColumnsExample

A rectangular braced column of a multistory frame
building has floor height lu =25 ft. It is subjected to
service dead-load moments M2= 3500 k-in. on top and
M1=2500 k-in. at the bottom. The service live load
moments are 80% of the dead-load moments. The
column carries a service axial dead-load PD = 200 k
and a service axial live-load PL = 350 k. Design the
cross section size and reinforcement for this column.
Given A = 1.3 and B = 0.9. Use a d=2.5 in. cover
with an sustain load = 50 % and fc = 7 ksi and fy = 60
ksi.

Compute the factored loads and moments are 80% of
the dead loads
Pu 1.2 PD 1.6 PL 1.2 200 k 1.6 350 k
800 k
M 1u 1.2 M D 1.6 M L 1.2 2500 k-in 1.6 0.8 2500 k-in
6200 k-in.
M 2u 1.2M D 1.6 M L 1.2 3500 k-in 1.6 0.8 3500 k-in
8680 k-in.

Compute the k value for the braced compression
members
k 0.7 0.05 A B 0.7 0.05 1.3 0.9

0.81 1.0
k 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.05 0.9
0.895 1.0
Therefore, use k = 0.81

Check to see if slenderness is going to matter. An
initial estimate of the size of the column will be an inch
for every foot of height. So h = 25 in.
kln 0.81 25 ft 12 in./ft
32.4
r
0.3 25 in.
6200 k-in.
32.4 34 12
25.43
8680 k-in.
We need to be concerned with slender columns

So slenderness must be considered. Since frame has
no side sway, M2 = M2ns, s = 0 Calculate the minimum
M2 for the ratio computations.
M 2,min Pu 0.6 0.03h 800 k 0.6 0.03 25 in.
1080 k-in. M 2 8680 k-in.

Compute components of concrete
Ec 33w
1.5
f c 33 150
1.5
7000
5.07x106 psi 5.07x103 ksi

The moment of inertia of the column is
25 in. 25 in.
bh
Ig
12
12
4
32552 in
3

Compute the stiffness, EI
EI
0.4 Ec I g
1 d
0.4 5.07x103 ksi 32552 in 4
4.4x10 k-in
7
1 0.5
2

The critical load (buckling), Pcr, is
Pcr
EI
2
klu
7354.3 k
2 4.4x107 k-in 2
12 in.
0.81 25 ft ft

Compute the coefficient, Cm, for the magnification
coefficient
M 1
Cm 0.6 0.4
M 2
6200 k-in.
0.6 0.4
0.89 0.4
8680 k-in.

The magnification factor
ns
Cm
Pu
1
0.75Pcr
1.04 1.0
0.89
800 k
0.75 7354.3 k

The design moment is
M c ns M 2 1.04 8680 k-in. 9027.2 k-in.

Therefore, the design conditions are
Pc 800 k & M c 9027.2 k-in.

9027.2 k-in.
e
11.28 in.
800 k

Assume that the = 2.0 % or 0.020
As 0.02 25 in. 12.5 in

2
Use 14 # 9 bars or 14 in2
As 7.0 in
Acs 7.0 in

The column is compression controlled so c/d > 0.6.
Check the values for c/d = 0.6
c 0.6d 0.6 22.5 in. 13.5 in.

a 1c 0.7 13.5 in. 9.45 in.

Check the strain in the tension steel and compression
steel.
c d
s1
cu
c
0.00244
13.5 in. 2.5 in.
0.003
13.5 in.
f cs1 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.00244

70.76 ksi f cs1 60 ksi

The tension steel is
d c
s
cu
c
0.002
22.5 in. 13.5 in.
0.003
13.5 in.
fs Es s 29000 ksi 0.002

58 ksi

Combined forces are
Cc 0.85 f cba 0.85 7 ksi 25 in. 9.45 in.
1405.7 k
Cs1 Acs f cs 0.85 f c 7 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 7 ksi

378.35 k
T As f s 7 in 2 58 ksi
406.0 k

Combined force is
Pn Cc Cs1 T
1405.7 k 378.35 k 406.0 k
1378.05 k

Moment is
h a
h
h
M n Cc Cs1
d T d
2 2
2
2
9.45 in.
1405.7 k 12.5 in.
378.35 k 12.5 in. 2.5 in.

406.0 k 22.5 in. 12.5 in.
18773 k-in.

The eccentricity is
M n 18773 k-in
e
Pn
1378.05 k
13.62 in.
Since the e = 11.28 in. < 13.62 in. The section is in the
compression controlled region = 0.65. You will want
to match up the eccentricity with the design.

We need to match up the eccentricity of the problem.
This done varying the c/d ratio to get the eccentricity
to match. Check the values for c/d = 0.66
c 0.66d 0.66 22.5 in. 14.85 in.

a 1c 0.7 14.85 in. 10.395 in.

Check the strain in the tension steel and compression
steel.
c d
s1
cu
c
0.00249
14.85 in. 2.5 in.
0.003
14.85 in.
f cs1 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.00249

72.35 ksi f cs1 60 ksi

The tension steel is
d c
s
cu
c
0.00155
22.5 in. 14.85 in.
0.003
14.85 in.
f s Es s 29000 ksi 0.00155

44.82 ksi

Combined forces are
Cc 0.85 f cba 0.85 7 ksi 25 in. 10.395 in.
1545.26 k
Cs1 Acs f cs 0.85 f c 7 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 7 ksi

378.35 k
T As f s 7 in 2 44.82 ksi
313.74 k

Combined force is
Pn Cc Cs1 T
1546.26 k 378.35 k 313.74 k
1610.9 k

Moment is
h a
h
h
M n Cc Cs1
d T d
2 2
2
2
10.395 in.
1545.26 k 12.5 in.
378.35 k 12.5 in. 2.5 in.

313.74 k 22.5 in. 12.5 in.
18205.2 k-in

The eccentricity is
M n 18205.2 k-in
e
Pn
1610.9 k
11.30 in.
Since the e 11.28 in. The reduction factor is equal to
= 0.65. Compute the design load and moment.

The design conditions are
Pu Pn 0.65 1610.9 k
1047.1 k 800 k OK!
M u M n 0.65 18205.2 k-in
11833.4 k-in. 9027.2 k-in. OK!
The problem matches the selection of the column.

Design the ties for the column
Provide #3 ties, spacing will be the minimum of:
48dstirrup 48 0.375 in. 18 in.
s smallest 16d bar 16 1.128 in. 18 in. controls
h 25 in.
Therefore, provide #3 ties @ 18 in. spacing.
Using Interaction
Diagrams
Determine eccentricity.
Estimate column size
required base on axial load.
Determine e/h and required
Pn/Ag, Mn/(Agh)
Determine which chart to use
from fc, fy and . Determine
from the chart.
Select steel sizes.

Check values.
Design ties by ACI code
Design sketch
Two-way Slabs
Comparison of One-way and

Two-way slab behavior
One-way slabs carry
load in one direction.
Two-way slabs carry
load in two directions.

One-way and two-way
slab action carry load
in two directions.
One-way slabs: Generally,

long side/short side > 1.5

Flat slab
Two-way slab with beams

For flat plates and slabs the column connections
can vary between:

Flat Plate
Waffle slab

The two-way ribbed slab and waffled slab system:

General thickness of the slab is 2 to 4 in.

Economic Choices
Flat Plate suitable span 20 to 25 ft with LL= 60 -100 psf
Advantages
Low cost formwork
Exposed flat ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Low shear capacity
Low Stiffness (notable deflection)

Economic Choices
Flat Slab suitable span 20 to 30 ft with LL= 80 -150 psf
Advantages
Low cost formwork
Exposed flat ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Need more formwork for capital and panels

Economic Choices
Waffle Slab suitable span 30 to 48 ft with LL= 80
-150 psf
Advantages
Carries heavy loads
Attractive exposed ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Formwork with panels is expensive

Economic Choices
One-way Slab on beams suitable span 10 to 20 ft with
LL= 60-100 psf

Can be used for larger spans with relatively higher
cost and higher deflections
One-way joist floor system is suitable span 20 to 30 ft
with LL= 80-120 psf
Deep ribs, the concrete and steel quantities are
relative low
Expensive formwork expected.

ws =load taken by short direction
wl = load taken by long direction
5ws A4
384 EI
ws
wl
B4
A4
A = B
5wl B 4
384 EI
For B 2A ws 16wl
Rule of Thumb: For B/A > 2,

design as one-way slab
Two-Way Slab Design

Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs
Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor

Section A-A:
Moment per ft width in planks
Total Moment
M f wl2
l12
8
wl12
k - ft
k - ft/ft
Two-Way Slab Design

Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor

wl1
k/ft
Uniform load on each beam
2
wl1 l22
M lb
k - ft
Moment in one beam (Sec: B-B)
2 8
Two-Way Slab Design

Total Moment in both beams
M wl1
l22
k - ft
8
Full load was transferred east-west by the planks and then was
transferred north-south by the beams;
The same is true for a two-way slab or any other floor system.
General Design
Concepts
(1) Direct Design Method (DDM)
Limited to slab systems to uniformly distributed
loads and supported on equally spaced columns.
Method uses a set of coefficients to determine the
design moment at critical sections. Two-way slab
system that do not meet the limitations of the ACI
Code 13.6.1 must be analyzed more accurate
procedures
General Design
Concepts
(2) Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
A three-dimensional building is divided into a
series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by
cutting the building along lines midway between
columns. The resulting frames are considered
separately in the longitudinal and transverse
directions of the building and treated floor by
floor.
Equivalent Frame Method

(EFM)
Longitudinal
equivalent frame
Transverse equivalent
frame
Equivalent Frame Method

(EFM)
Elevation of the frame
Perspective view
Method of Analysis
(1) Elastic Analysis
Concrete slab may be treated as an elastic
plate. Use Timoshenkos method of analyzing
the structure. Finite element analysis
Method of Analysis
(2) Plastic Analysis
The yield method used to determine the limit state of
slab by considering the yield lines that occur in the
slab as a collapse mechanism.
The strip method, where slab is divided into strips
and the load on the slab is distributed in two
orthogonal directions and the strips are analyzed as
beams.
The optimal analysis presents methods for
minimizing the reinforcement based on plastic
analysis
Method of Analysis
(3) Nonlinear analysis
Simulates the true load-deformation characteristics
of a reinforced concrete slab with finite-element
method takes into consideration of nonlinearities of
the stress-strain relationship of the individual
members.
Column and Middle

Strips
The slab is broken
up into column
and middle strips
for analysis
Minimum Slab Thickness for

Two-way Construction
The ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies a minimum slab thickness
to control deflection. There are three empirical
limitations for calculating the slab thickness (h), which
are based on experimental research. If these limitations
are not met, it will be necessary to compute deflection.

(a) For 0.2 m 2
fy
ln 0.8
200,000
36 5 m 0.2
fy in psi. But not less than 5 in.

(b) For 2 m
fy
ln 0.8
200,000
36 9
fy in psi. But not less than 3.5 in.

(c) For m 0.2
Use the following table 9.5(c)

Slabs without interior
beams spanning
between supports and
ratio of long span to
short span < 2
See section 9.5.3.3
For slabs with beams
spanning between
supports on all sides.

two-way construction
The definitions of the terms are:
h = Minimum slab thickness without interior beams
ln =
m=
Clear span in the long direction measured face to

face of column
the ratio of the long to short clear span
The average value of for all beams on the sides
of the panel.
Definition of Beam-to-Slab
Stiffness Ratio,
Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along
slab edge
reduces deflections of panel
adjacent to beams.
flexural stiffness of beam

flexural stiffness of slab
Definition of Beam-to-Slab
Stiffness Ratio,
4E cb I b / l
4E cs I s / l
E cb I b
E cs I s
E cb Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete

E sb Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
I b Moment of inertia of uncracked beam
I s Moment of inertia of uncracked slab
With width bounded laterally by centerline of

adjacent panels on each side of the beam.
Beam and Slab Sections for

calculation of

calculation of

calculation of
Definition of beam cross-section

Charts may be used to calculate

Slabs without drop panels meeting 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,
tmin = 5 in
Slabs with drop panels meeting 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,
tmin = 4 in
Example - Slab
A flat plate floor system with
panels 24 by 20 ft is supported on
20 in. square columns.
Determine the minimum slab
thickness required for the interior
and corner panels. Use fc = 4 ksi
and fy = 60 ksi
Example - Slab
Slab thickness, from table 9.5(c) for fy = 60 ksi
and no edge beams
ln
hmin
30
20 in. 1 ft.
ln 24 ft. 2
22.33 ft.
2 12 in.
12 in.
22.33 ft.
1
ft.
8.93 in. 9 in.

hmin
30
Example - Slab
Slab thickness, from table 9.5(c) for fy = 60 ksi
and no edge beams for = m = 0 (no beams)
hmin
hmin
ln
33
12 in.
22.33 ft.
1
ft.
8.12 in. 8.5 in.
33
Example
Calculations
The floor system consists of

solid slabs and beams in two
directions supported on 20-in.
square columns. Determine the
minimum slab thickness, h,
required for the floor system.
Use fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
Example
Calculations
The cross-sections are:
Example
Calculations
To find h, we need to find m therefore Ib, Islab and for
each beam and slab in long short direction. Assume
slab thickness h = 7 in. so that x = y < 4 tf
22 in. 7 in. 15 in. 4tf 4 7 in. 28 in.
be 16 in. 2 15 in. 46 in.
Example
Calculations
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid

I beam 22453 in
I slab
Flange
Beam
1 3 1
3
12 in.
bh 20 ft
7 in.
12
12
1 ft.
6860 in 4
b
7
15
h
46
16
Ai (in2)
322
240
y i (in)
3.5
14.5
562
ybar
I
=
=
y iAi (in3)
1127
3480
I (in4)
d2A (in4)
d (in)
1314.833 -4.69751 7105.442
4500
6.302491 9533.135
4607
5814.833
8.197509
22453.41
in
in4
16638.58
Example
Calculations
Compute the coefficient for the long direction
long
EI beam 22453 in 4
4
EI slab
6860 in
3.27
Short side of the moment of inertia
I slab
1 3 1
3
12 in.
bh 24 ft
7 in.
12
12
1 ft.
4
8232 in
Example
Calculations
Compute the coefficient for short direction
short
EI beam 22453 in 4
EI slab
8232 in 4
2.73
The average m for an interior panel is
avg
2 long 2 short
3.0
2 3.27 2 2.73
4
Example
Calculations
Compute the coefficient
20 in.
24 ft. 2
llong
2
lshort
20 in.
20 ft. 2
1 ft.
12 in.
1.22
1 ft.
12 in.
Compute the thickness for m > 2

fy
60000
12 in.
ln 0.8
22.33
ft.
0.8
200000
1 ft.
200000
36 9
36 9 1.22
6.28 in. Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.
Example
Calculations
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid for the
L-beam
I L-beam 15302 in 4
I slab
Flange
Beam
1 3 1
3
12 in.
bh 10 ft
7 in.
12
12
1 ft.
3430 in 4
b
7
15
h
27
12
Ai (in2)
189
180
y i (in)
3.5
14.5
369
ybar
I
=
=
I (in4)
y iAi (in3)
661.5
2610
771.75
3375
3271.5
4146.75
8.865854
15302.36
in
in4
d2A (in4)
d (in)
-5.36585 5441.761
5.634146 5713.849
11155.61
Example
Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for long direction
long
EI L-beam 15302 in 4
4
EI slab
3430 in
4.46
Short side of the moment of inertia
I slab
1 3 1
3
12 in.
bh 12 ft
7 in.
12
12
1 ft.
4
4116 in
Example
Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for the short direction
short
EI L-beam 15302 in 4
4
EI slab
4116 in
3.72
Example
Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for the edges and corner
4.46 2.73 3.27 2.73

m
4
3.30
3.72 3.27 2.73 3.27
m
4
3.25
Example
Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for the edges and corner
3.72 4.46 2.73 3.27

m
4
3.55
Example
Calculations
Compute the largest length ln of the slab/beam, edge to
first interior column.
20 in. 1 ft.
ln 24 ft.
2 12 in.
22.67 ft.
12 in.
1 ft.
2 12 in.
Example
Calculations
Compute the thickness of the slab with m > 2
fy
60000
12 in.
ln 0.8
22.67 ft.
0.8
200000
1 ft.
200000
36 9
36 9 1.22
6.37 in. Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.
The overall depth of the slab is 7 in.

Slender Column Design and Two-way Slab Analysis

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Slender Columns and

Design of Long ColumnsExample

Design of Long ColumnsExample

Design of Long ColumnsExample

k 0.7 0.05 A B 0.7 0.05 1.3 0.9

Design of Long ColumnsExample

We need to be concerned with slender columns

Design of Long ColumnsExample

Design of Long ColumnsExample

5.07x106 psi 5.07x103 ksi

Design of Long ColumnsExample

0.4 5.07x103 ksi 32552 in 4

Design of Long ColumnsExample

Design of Long ColumnsExample

Design of Long ColumnsExample

Design of Long ColumnsExample

M c ns M 2 1.04 8680 k-in. 9027.2 k-in.

Pc 800 k & M c 9027.2 k-in.

Design of Long ColumnsExample

As 0.02 25 in. 12.5 in

Use 14 # 9 bars or 14 in2

Design of Long ColumnsExample

c 0.6d 0.6 22.5 in. 13.5 in.

Design of Long ColumnsExample

13.5 in. 2.5 in.

f cs1 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.00244

Design of Long ColumnsExample

22.5 in. 13.5 in.

fs Es s 29000 ksi 0.002

Design of Long ColumnsExample

Cs1 Acs f cs 0.85 f c 7 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 7 ksi

Design of Long ColumnsExample

Design of Long ColumnsExample

1405.7 k 12.5 in.

378.35 k 12.5 in. 2.5 in.

Design of Long ColumnsExample

Design of Long ColumnsExample

c 0.66d 0.66 22.5 in. 14.85 in.

Design of Long ColumnsExample

14.85 in. 2.5 in.

f cs1 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.00249

Design of Long ColumnsExample

22.5 in. 14.85 in.

f s Es s 29000 ksi 0.00155

Design of Long ColumnsExample

Cs1 Acs f cs 0.85 f c 7 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 7 ksi

Design of Long ColumnsExample

Design of Long ColumnsExample

1545.26 k 12.5 in.

378.35 k 12.5 in. 2.5 in.

Design of Long ColumnsExample

Design of Long ColumnsExample

Design of Long ColumnsExample

s smallest 16d bar 16 1.128 in. 18 in. controls

Therefore, provide #3 ties @ 18 in. spacing.

Select steel sizes.

Comparison of One-way and

Comparison of One-way and

One-way slabs: Generally,

Comparison of One-way and

Two-way slab with beams

Comparison of One-way and

Comparison of One-way and