DEVELOPMENT

PLANNING ON
DISASTER

Unit-4

EFFECT OF DISASTERS ON
DEVELOPMENT
(A) Effects on Contemporary Development
Loss
or Destruction of crops which are vital for
consumption/export
Loss of livestock, through an outbreak of animal disease or
rural wildfire
Loss of Land due to salinity and inundation
Damage to harbors, public buildings and other maritime
facilities
Damage to aircraft and airport facilities may pose serious
constraints
Damage of roads and bridges may curb important
construction programs
Loss of human lives which can never be compensated

(B) Effects on Long-Term Development :

The first effect on long-term programs which arises
from disaster impact is the economic and material loss,
which is likely to cause delays in commencing and/or
continuing such programs.
A second major effect may be on the development
planning process. Most countries nowadays work to
planned periods of development, such as a series of
5-year national development plans.
Disaster can seriously upset this sequence of planning
and implementation by either disrupting the current
plan or by making it difficult to forecast development
progress

 A third effect on national development may emanate

from limitations which apply to normal international
assistance programs. A funding nation/agency may
agree to undertake a 3-year program on development. If
a significant disaster strikes at the halfway stage of such
a program, there will be obvious loss factors.
A fourth effect is the reaction of development partners
to the setbacks caused by disaster

FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS
The term financial arrangements refer to the various
arrangements made to finance all phases of disaster
management namely mitigation, preparedness,
response and recovery for effective and timely
management of disasters at all levels. It can be
classified into 3 types
1. General Financing of Relief Expenditures
2. Financing through Five Year Plans
3. HPC/FC Suggestions of Financing

1. FINANCING OF RELIEF
EXPENDITURES
1.National Calamity Relief Fund (CRF)
The Calamity Relief Fund is used for meeting the
expenditure for providing immediate relief to the victims of
cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood and hailstorm.
2. National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF)
National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF) scheme came
into force with effect from the financial year 2000-01.
NCCF is intended to cover natural calamities like cyclone,
drought, earthquake, fire, flood and hailstorm, which are
considered to be of severe nature requiring expenditure by
the State Government in excess of the balances
available in its own Calamity Relief Fund.

MANAGEMENT
THROUGH FIVE YEAR PLANS
In the five year plan, there are also a number of
important ongoing schemes that specifically help
reduce disaster vulnerability.
Some of these are:
1.Integrated Wasteland Development Programme
(IWDP), Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP),
2.Desert Development Programme (DDP),
3.Flood Control Programmes, National Afforestation &
Ecodevelopment Programme (NA&ED),
4.Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP),
Crop Insurance,
5.Sampurn Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), Food for
Work Scheme etc

3.FC SUGGESTIONS OF
FINANCING
The HPC took an overview of all recent disasters
(natural as well as manmade) in the country and
identified common response and preparedness
mechanisms on the basis of a series of consultations
with a number of government, non-government,
national and international agencies and media
organizations.
An important recommendation of the Committee was
that at least 10 per cent of plan funds at the
national, state and district levels be earmarked
and apportioned for schemes which specifically
address areas such as prevention, reduction,
preparedness and mitigation of disasters

AREAS OF IMPROVEMENT
The areas of improvement encompass suggestions
to strengthen the existing system and also chart a few
new paths in the system.
(1) The existing disasters cause widespread havoc and
therefore increase in the planned expenditure on
disaster mitigation(improvement) and prevention
measures in addition to the CRF is required.
(2) The quantity and quality of training related to
disaster risk reduction has to be improved. In this
regard, a dire need is felt to have some important
publications and audio-visual training modules related
to disaster management.

(3) The documentation of disaster events of the

country has to been done in a better manner.
(4) There is also an urgent need for strengthening the
disaster management pedagogy by creating disaster
management faculties in universities, rural
development
institutes
and
other
research
organizations.
(5) There is a need for establishment of control rooms at
district levels with state of the art video
teleconferencing facility.
(6) There is also an increasing need for effective
utilization of information, communication and
space technologies in disaster mitigation and
preparedness.

(7) The country should work more towards forging

international cooperation in disaster management.
(8) All development schemes in vulnerable areas should
include a disaster mitigation analysis, whereby the
feasibility of a project is assessed with respect to
vulnerability of the area and the mitigation measures
required for sustainability. This is in the lines of
Environmental Impact Assessment.
(9) The structural mitigation of hazards like
construction of retrofitted individual disaster resistant
structures for earthquake-resistant buildings or flood
control structures like dykes, levees, etc. should be done
in a massive scale.

(10) The role of insurance of structures in disasterprone areas is a potentially important mitigation
measure as it brings quality in the infrastructure &
consciousness and a culture of safety by its insistence
on following building codes, norms, guidelines, quality
materials in construction etc.

COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER

MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION
CBDM is described by the International Institute
for Disaster Management as an approach that involves
direct participation of the people most likely to be
exposed to hazards, in planning, decision making and
operational activities at all levels of disaster
management responsibility."

NEED FOR COMMUNITY BASED

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Members of a community are the immediate victims of
adverse effects of a disaster.
They have the best knowledge about their local
surrounding in terms of the most disaster-prone areas
They should be used for training because local
residents may be hesitant to accept non-native people
training programmes.

STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITY BASED

DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES
1.Community Risk Assessment
2. Disaster Management Orientation
3. Disaster Preparedness Training
4. Community Disaster Response Organisation
5. Counter Disaster Planning
6. Community Specific Warning Systems
7. Evacuation Plan and Drills
8. Emergency Response Training
9. Mitigation Plans
10. Documentation of indigenous knowledge

ROLE OF MEDIA IN DISASTER

MANAGEMENT
1) Mitigation phase, the media can show a series of
programmes promoting the spirit of always preventing
disasters than handle them. It can also reflect on new
and old disasters and insist the public that mitigation
is the best way around.
2) Preparedness phase, television and radio normally
play the major roles, disseminating warnings, weather
information, and evacuation instructions and airing
official bulletins.
3) Response phase, emergency managers undertake the
immediate, largely local effort to cope with the disaster
as it unfolds. In this phase, the media become one of
the most important sources of local and national
information about the crisis.

4) Recovery phase of an emergency, the media can

often provide documentation of the impact of a
disaster or of a relief operation. Hour-by-hour
coverage can be especially valuable in the absence of
information from established formal channels.

EMERGENCY RESPONSE
DEFINITION
Emergency Response activities are those activities
that have to be done during and immediately following
a disaster. They are designed to provide emergency
assistance to victims of the event and reduce the
likelihood of secondary damage.

NEED
Limit casualties,
Improve hardship and suffering,
Restore essential life support and community systems,
Mitigate (improve) further damage and loss, and
Provide the foundation for subsequent recovery.

ASPECTS OF EMERGENCY
RESPONSE
The five basic aspects or stages of response to
emergency or disaster are
(i) Notification/ Warning
(ii) Immediate Public Safety
(iii) Property Security
(iv) Public Welfare
(v) Restoration
The main aspects of emergency response can
further split into the following aspects
Search and Rescue
To search for and rescue persons who may
trapped in buildings and under debris, isolated
floodwaters, or need rescuing for any other reason

an

be

be
by

 Treatment and care of victims

To dispose of the dead.

To render first aid.

To ensure identification tagging of casualties.

To identify needs in terms of medical treatment, hospitalization

and deal accordingly

Evacuation (Migration)

To determine whether persons need to be evacuated from the

stricken area immediately, or whether such a requirement is likely
to arise later.

Shelter
To provide shelter for victims whose housing has been destroyed or
rendered unusable. This may involve:

Making urgent repairs to some housing,

Issuing tents and/or tarpaulins to provide means of temporary
shelter, and
Accommodating groups of homeless people in community buildings
such as schools.

 Food

To organize and distribute food to disaster victims and emergency

workers.

To estimate damage to crops and food stocks.

To estimate food reserves and available.

Communications

To reestablish essential radio, telephone, and mobile network

links.

Clearance and access

To clear key roads, airfields, and ports to allow access for vehicles,
aircraft, and shipping; also to prepare helicopter landing sites.

Water and power supplies

To reestablish water and power supplies, or to make temporary

arrangements for them. To providing potable water after treating
water in water-purifying equipment

 Temporary subsistence supplies

To provide supplies such as clothing, disaster kits, cooking utensils,

and plastic sheeting, to enable victims to subsist temporarily in their
own area, thus helping reduce the need for evacuation.

Health and sanitation

To take measures to safeguard the health of people in the stricken

area and to maintain reasonable sanitation facilities.

Public Information

To keep the stricken community informed on what they should do,

especially in terms of self-help, and on what action is on hand to help
them.
To prevent speculation and rumor concerning the future situation

Security

To maintain law and order, especially to prevent looting and

unnecessary damage.

Construction requirements

To estimate high-priority
requirements.

building

repair

and

replacement

PROBLEM AREAS IN EMERGENCY

RESPONSE

Some of the major problem areas relevant to

emergency response are listed below. The disaster
manager should accept the possibility of these problem
areas and be prepared for the same.
Inadequate Preparedness
Poor Warning
Slow Activation of the Response System
Effects of Impact and Crisis Pressure (Octopus Effect)
Difficulties in Survey of Damage and Assessment of
Needs
Inaccurate and/or Incomplete Information from Survey
Poor Information Management
Inadequate Relief Commodities

Logistics Problems
Poor Coordination of Response Operations
Inadequate Public Awareness
Dissatisfaction of the people
Problems with the Media

EMERGENCY OPERATIONS CENTRE

(EOC)
A well-equipped Emergency Operations Centre(EOC) or
Emergency Control Room (ECR) is to be set up from
which all emergency response activities will be executed.
The need for directing the operations at the affected
site, the need for coordination at the district
headquarters and the need for interaction with the
State Government to meet the conflicting demands
at the time of disaster is the responsibility of the
Relief Commissioner and his team at the EOC.

In the EOC/ECR, the Relief Commissioner and his

team and to perform the following functions:
Collection and compilation of information from the
affected area
Documenting information flow
Decision making regarding resource management
Allocation of task to different resource organization
Supply of information to State Government